How has penal punishment transformed over time in the EU & US? Describe the transition of punishment as applied towards the body.

How has penal punishment transformed over time in the EU & US? Describe the transition of punishment as applied towards the body. Does the removal of the public spectacle of torture indicate a more humane/civilized Society? Why or why not? Explain what ideas and moments have contributed to the development of the first prison in the US. How did prison become the universal form of punishment? Use at least 2 readings.