Is user participation on online platforms better characterized as ‘participation from above’ (i.e., managed, controlled, steered) or ‘participation from below’ (i.e., free, spontaneous, creative)?

Is user participation on online platforms better characterized as ‘participation from above’ (i.e., managed, controlled, steered) or ‘participation from below’ (i.e., free, spontaneous, creative)? Develop a thesis and substantiate it with reference to all three authors from Module 2. (Note: you may argue that both forms of participation are important for understanding platforms. If so, explain and substantiate your position).