When did Rabbinic Judaism emerge, and in response to what political and social changes? Where did Rabbinic Judaism extend in late Antiquity, and through what institutions and texts? What opposition did Rabbinic Judaism encounter, and why?

When did Rabbinic Judaism emerge, and in response to what political and social changes? Where did Rabbinic Judaism extend in late Antiquity, and through what institutions and texts? What opposition did Rabbinic Judaism encounter, and why?