Are the low cases of covid in Africa a result of neo-colonialism and neo-liberism 

Suggest review the structure. So start with the models which you have chosen which are neo liberalishm and neo colonialism. Outline these models. Then apply models to health and wellbeing issue that considering ie impact of Covid in Africa. How do the models each help you understand this aspect of health and wellbeing? And in a conclusion come back to a discussion about what models have helped you see/not see. Which model helps you understand issue better/ less well (if there is adifference)?
Case study question: Are the low cases of covid in Africa a result of neo-colonialism and neo-liberism 
COVID 19 Burdern of disease and outcome in Africa Restructure the essay to show abit of a flow.
INTRODUCTION
• Discuss why case study approach & Values of a case study in the context of this essay.
• Complete the introduction using the (Rolfe et al 2001) reflective model.
I have already started the Intro for you:
The essay is focused on a single case study that forms the basis of a typical yet critical deviant cases that demonstrate the low outcome of COVID-19 cases in Africa. The rationale for the single case study is to represent the criticality of the case at hand through testing well formulated theories to demonstrate the uniqueness of the spread of covid 19 at its data collection management in most parts of Africa.
Using the (Rolfe et al 2001) reflective model, through learning, the case study commences by introducing the problem helps to extract patterns and routines of understanding Global health and wellbeing that were not meaningful in the past, then accompanies a descriptive level of reflection, followed by the critical abalysis of the two theories namely, neo-liberism and neo-colonialism. The conclusion of the case study discusses the action oriented reflective practices.
This Case study essay argues COVID-19 is a nodal point that has led to irreversible changes in developing countries that its economy was already on its knees in the developing countries. The early conventional wisdom suggested that Africa was was to bear a highe burden of The disease due to its over population, weak healthcare system under socio-economic conditions, lack of poor humanitarian conditions and lack of sanitation infrastructure. However, Sub-sahara has reported lower incidences and fatalities compared to COVID 19 incidences in other countries. The essay will critically discuss and analyse the three different implications for the epidemic burden that are low case detection, 2)differences in epidemiology and Policy intervention.
Define neoliberism and neo-colonialism, relate it to understanding global health and well being in Africa.
Add a paragraph introducing case studies
Case Studies
Case study one focuses on research conducted by Zhang et al. (2021), in which the authors reveal that many confounding factors determine to what extent African nations are impacted by COVID-19. The authors assert that the findings cast doubt on conventional knowledge of pandemic susceptibility (Zhang et al., 2021). Case in point, it debunks a commonly held perception that higher preparedness and resilience levels are synonymous with low susceptibility. Notably, the research shows that ostensibly well-prepared, adaptive nations fared worse during the epidemic is not unique to Africa (Zhang et al., 2021).
The second case study is a discussion by Lawal (2020) that explains why the COVID-19 fatality rate in poor and underdeveloped African nations appears to be so low in comparison to other countries. The only way this aspect would be plausible is if the factors that could influence the COVID-19 fatality rate are examined. In this context, the researchers aimed to establish indicators of COVID-19 fatality rates using an analytic review using data from the pre-pandemic period as well as the most recent COVID-19 fatality statistics available (Lawal, 2020). Based on population data, the researchers determine that the mean average ages and life expectancy rates in many African countries are relatively lower than in regions across the globe. In turn, this aspect has resulted in a population triangle with a mainly young populace in Africa and a predominantly older demographic in Western and other industrialised countries (Lawal, 2020). To achieve this goal, the researchers argue that this difference could well be understood by increased birth rates in underdeveloped and developing African nations and more sophisticated healthcare systems in industrialised economies, which allow their people to survive longer lifespans.

prevailing globalised economic capitalism during COVID-19 pandemic has been termed by (Singh 2020) as brittle due to its dependence on intercontinental financialised exchanges, just-in-time manufacturing, and extensive, carbon-intensive international supply chain networks. In addition, COVI-19 outbreak has demonstrated that local industries are generally highly adaptable to disruptions and can provide efficient and appropriate support in an emergency (Singh, 2020). Economies based on commensalism and cooperation that are entrenched, egalitarian, unstructured, and frequently disorderly have thrived. Case in point, nations like China have donated millions of personal protective equipment to developing countries in Africa and later on in super power state, the United States of America. The
Many other developed nations have been forced to support or promote grassroots programs to supply food to underprivileged citizens (Leach et al., 2021). Alongside India and Russia, China has also developed its vaccines to fight the pandemic (Wouters et al., 2021). Traditionally, such capabilities have been associated with the developed nations in the West and Europe. It seems the tides have changed with the advent of COVID-19. Societies have banded together to close systemic gaps and assist people in need, with advocacy groups occasionally collaborating with enabling state authorities such as public health.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, including its devastating effect on the world economy, appears to have significantly slowed global economic activity. The pandemic that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a worldwide health problem. The fact that ostensibly well-prepared, resilient nations performed worse in the epidemic is not unique to developing regions like Africa, Asia, and South America; it follows a global pattern in which more industrialised nations have been severely affected COVID-19. The epidemic has shifted people’s attention and changed the power structure in the global economy, revealing a new planet with significant financial and health concerns. Accordingly, these challenges have underscored the need for a renewed way of understanding global health and wellbeing.
Restructure the essay to create a flow
Understanding Global Health and Wellbeing
The outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic, including its devastating effect on the world economy, appears to have significantly slowed global economic activity. The pandemic that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a worldwide health problem (Riou & Althaus, 2020). The fact that ostensibly well-prepared, resilient nations performed worse in the epidemic is not unique to developing regions like Africa, Asia, and South America; it follows a global pattern in which more industrialised nations have been severely affected by Covid-19. The epidemic has shifted people’s attention and changed the power structure in the global economy, revealing a new planet with significant financial and health concerns. Accordingly, these challenges have underscored the need for a renewed way of understanding global health and wellbeing.
The Foundation of Current Health Systems
Global development has no standard definition. Broadly, it is frequently discussed in connection with human development and worldwide initiatives to alleviate inequality and poverty and promote health, education, and employment worldwide (Horner & Hulme, 2019). The idea is that achieving global development would foster sustainability and resilience of populations to different situations. Global development is influenced by globally governed systems such as capitalism and neoliberalism, motivated by profit and private interests. Over the years, these models have faced numerous criticism. Mainly, critics have propagated a narrative about government inefficiencies and their alleged incapacity to offer services in a cost-effective, sensible, and beneficial manner (Horner & Hulme, 2019).
In turn, global financial organisations often urge governments to reconsider and allow private firms to generate wealth, claiming that private enterprise benefits everyone. Government interference was only required when difficulties arose. In turn, this results in an imbalanced interplay between the public and private sectors in which private enterprises profit at the expense of the public good (Morgan, 2020). Capitalism’s slogan is that liberty is often the result of a person’s choice, capability, and sheer determination. Disparities are viewed as an unavoidable component of every culture, and competition is promoted as necessary for growth and development. For this reason, the wealthiest one per cent of the world’s population possesses twice more than the remaining 7 billion individuals in a neoliberal society (Morgan, 2020).
COVID-19 pandemic is irrefutable evidence of what the above systems strategy has achieved for existing public agencies’ capacity to adjust to the problems we encounter present and potential. The detrimental consequences of a drained public sector were initially noticeable primarily to the few who required help the most. Zhang et al. (2021) suggest that they include poorly paid staff who needed to sustain their needs with welfare programs that were continuously being rationalised and lowered; mothers whose capacity to work and generate income was predicated on the availability and cost-effectiveness of childcare facilities, and yet their numbers were consistently dwindling; those who could not pay for private medical insurance and yet saw public health options dwindle. The most affected were underpaid medical personnel who were constantly at risk of contracting the virus while working in decimated hospital settings (Antonijevic et al., 2020). Nowadays, citizens in several nations are arranging communal accolades for health workers, expressing their appreciation for their persistent efforts in helping people deal with the pandemic. Undoubtedly, this is good for their motivation; however, such acts would not be needed if governments had focused on adequately staffing and equipping medical personnel before the pandemic.
Ultimately, it is now apparent to everyone that a weakened public sector cannot adequately respond to the difficulties looming. It leaves to question where all the profits in private entities such as private clinics and pharmaceuticals have gone as they have failed to create crucial and adequate technical and other equipment to help fight the pandemic (Gonsalves & Yamey, 2021). It appears that they have also forgotten their commitments to the common good.
Consistently, there is a link between health sector deterioration and growing debt levels. Nations with significant debt are frequently confronted with terms and conditions imposed by foreign financial organisations, which essentially employ loans as stratagems. Similarly, in developed countries such as Italy, the United States, and Spain, spending cuts are institutionalised and argued to be an ethically fair, balanced, and unavoidable manner for governments to mitigate pandemic impacts (Navarro, 2020). comply with the loan conditions. Privatisation of industries is critical in limiting governments’ ability to intervene, as neoliberalism’s basic tenet is private entities foremost (Mei, 2017). Privatisation also assists in minimising government expenditures to service the loan.
International financial organisations, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank and are instrumental in neoliberalism’s reproduction. From the onset, the potential of predatory capitalism to profit from COVID-19 was highly dependent on the stance held by these establishments. The picture is bleak if recent examples are anything to consider. For example, recently, the IMF declined Venezuela’s application for USD 5 billion to help enhance the nation’s health system’s reaction capabilities in reaction to the outbreak (Laya & Vasquez, 2020). The reason being is that the IMF could not determine Venezuela’s democratically elected leader. The international government’s reluctance to look past ideological disparities and geopolitical competition could be lethal in a nation already on the verge of collapse.
Additionally, government policies and actions may lead to an inevitable economic recession worldwide. Although the government’s actions like social distancing and lockdown to contain the transmission of the virus are necessary, the short-term negative consequence is unavoidable. As well as posing a danger to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the pandemic has also served to exacerbate those goals that have already been set (Mukarram, 2020). The ongoing health crisis has inevitably enforced the psychological, social, and economic spectrum globally.