Discuss at least three errors that occurred in the investigation of Ronald Cotton investigation, related to eyewitness testimony and the topic of memory, which lead to his conviction? How did reinforcement play a role in her memory construction?

In this classmate response option, you will get to explore more specifically the research how tricky memory can be which is related to the psychology of law. I would like for us to first overview of concept of false memories and some of the classic research on the concept: Video to watch. https://youtu.be/w2oh-Vrfzjc250 Words in APA Format.DISCUSSION RESPONSEFor the assignment you are first required to watch the following video (2 part video) on Ronald Cotton. Ronald Cotton was exonerated in 1995, after spending over 10 years in prison for crimes he did not commit. His convictions were based largely on flawed eyewitness identification procedures used by police at the time. If you would like to read more about the sexual assault case before watching the video https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/dna/cotton/summary.html is a link.Below are the links to the videos:Testimony part 1: https://youtu.be/u-SBTRLoPuoTestimony part 2: https://youtu.be/I4V6aoYuDcgAfter reading the text material related to memory construction and watching the video about Ronald Cotton please address these questions:1. Discuss at least three errors that occurred in the investigation of Ronald Cotton investigation, related to eyewitness testimony and the topic of memory, which lead to his conviction? How did reinforcement play a role in her memory construction?2. Based on the video, what are some of the ways that investigators could reduce error related to memory and improve the reliability of eyewitness testimony?3. Please discuss either what you found most interesting about the story of Ronald Cotton or one study overviewed in the text related to memory construction (misinformation and imagination effects/Children’s eyewitness recall) that you found interesting?If you are interestedin the topic of false memories, I wanted to share this podcast:The Night That Lasted A Lifetime(https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?i=1000483060535). This week on Hidden Brain, we go back four decades to uncover the harm that arises when flawed ideas from psychology are used to determine that a teenager should spend the rest of his life behind bars.

How helpful were the sales associates?

Assignment: Visit your local lighting store. An independent retailer such as Lofing’s, Holbrecht Lighting, Ferguson and Lamp’s Plus are a few in Sacramento. Please DO NOT go to Home Depot/Lowe’s big box stores. Write a summary 2 page summary of your visit and photo preserve your lighting choices.Document what business you visited, the location and time of day you went in.Walk the showroom floor (looking up-lol) and observe the various types of lighting offered.You are there to source and see lighting you have specified in 4 of the spaces from last weeks floor plan.Speak with the salesperson for details of your selection.Does the luminaire selected have the light output required for the area being lighted?What type of lamp (bulb) is required for use? compact fl. incandescent, LED, halogen, etcAre the luminaires energy efficient?Are you able to use dimmers with your selections? If so, what type?What are the newest products on the market?Do they offer a lighting designer to assist planning?Take photos of each light source for each room.Price all lighting selected pieces.How helpful were the sales associates?How knowledgeable were they?Do they have a certified lighting designer on staff?Do the offer commercial grade lighting?

Calculate the probability the mean score of Blugurt given by the simple random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less.

Last year Marion Dairies decided to enter the yogurt market, and it began cautiously by producing, distributing, and marketing a single flavor—a blueberry-flavored yogurt that it calls Blugurt. The company’s initial venture into the yogurt market has been very successful; sales of Blugurt are higher than expected, and consumers’ ratings of the product have a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 25 on a 100-point scale for which 100 is the most favorable score and zero is the least favorable score. Past experience has also shown Marion Dairies that a consumer who rates one of its products with a score greater than 75 on this scale will consider purchasing the product, and a score of 75 or less indicates the consumer will not consider purchasing the product.Emboldened by the success and popularity of its blueberry-flavored yogurt, Marion Dairies management is now considering the introduction of a second flavor. Marion’s marketing department is pressing to extend the product line through the introduction of a strawberry-flavored yogurt that would be called Strawgurt, but senior managers are concerned about whether or not Strawgurt will increase Marion’s market share by appealing to potential customers who do not like Blugurt. That is, the goal in offering the new product is to increase Marion’s market share rather than cannibalize existing sales of Blugurt. The marketing department has proposed giving tastes of both Blugurt and Strawgurt to a simple random sample of 50 customers and asking each of them to rate the two flavors of yogurt on the 100-point scale. If the mean score given to Blugurt by this sample of consumers is 75 or less, Marion’s senior management believes the sample can be used to assess whether Strawgurt will appeal to potential customers who do not like Blugurt.Managerial ReportPrepare a managerial report that addresses the following issues.Calculate the probability the mean score of Blugurt given by the simple random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less.If the Marketing Department increases the sample size to 150, what is the probability the mean score of Blugurt given by the simple random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less?Explain to Marion Dairies senior management why the probability that the mean score of Blugurt for a random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less is different for samples of 50 and 150 Marion Dairies customers.DiscussionInitial post prompt: Your Managerial Report serves as your initial post to the discussion forum.After responding to the requirements posed by the Managerial Report, also provide an example in your career in which you believe one of the lessons learned from the Case has been/could be applicable. Alternatively, if you don’t have/foresee direct experience relevant to your current position, what type of scenario can you anticipate occurring where you can utilize one of the lessons learned from examining this case?Response post prompt:Consider Managerial Reports posted by two of your peers. One or both of your responses may be to Managerial Reports for a case problem different from your own.Think critically and ask open-ended questions. If you agree, consider their position and expand upon their ideas. Provide an additional perspective. If you disagree, provide your reasoning. Always be professional and courteous in your responses.Post by classmate 1I find it interesting that the senior management at Marion Dairies has chosen to have their sample be defined by someone who doesn’t like their blueberry yogurt. I understand that they want to expand their market; however, the logic they are choosing seems flawed and likely to cause nonsampling error because negative opinion of one flavor or one product may bias the result of the strawberry sampling.Another potential for nonsampling error that I noticed was surrounding the names of the yogurt flavors. In my opinion the name Blugurt was cute for about two seconds, and then it seems to be something I do not want associated with my food which has the potential to become a marketing nightmare. The name Strawgurt is even worse. I would strongly suggest the sampling to be a blind study where the subjects of the sample are not aware of the names of the yogurt because that could possibly cause unintended nonsampling error if the subject has a particular opinion regarding the name of the yogurt. According to our text, nonsampling error can introduce bias into the sample results which can ultimately mislead the decision makers (Anderson et al, 2020).Alas, that is not what we are here to talk about this evening! First we are asked to calculate the probability that the mean score of Blugurt given by a simple random sample will be 75 or less on a scale of 0 to 100. In order to calculate this probability, I calculated the z value as -1.4142 and used the standard normal distribution table to find the probability of 0.07865. I did the same with an increased sample size of 150 and found the probability to be 0.007153.While the mean remains the same, the increase in sample size causes the standard error to decrease thus impacting the probabilities. Our text also mentioned that the decrease in standard error suggests that the data from a larger sample size becomes more reliable.Anderson, D., Williams, T., Cochran, J., Sweeney, D., Camm, J., Fry, M., & OhlmannB, J. (2020).Modern business statistics with Microsoft Excel(7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.Post by classmate 2For this week’s discussion, I chose case problem 1 from chapter 7: Marion Dairies. In this case study, Marion Dairies’ management and marketing team want to analyze a sample of 50 customers to gain insight on the success of their new yogurt flavor, Blugurt. Customers were asked to rank the flavor on a 100-point scale (0 being least favorable and 100 being the most favorable). A score of 75 or less is believed to indicate that a consumer will not consider purchasing the product. For this case, we are provided with a mean score of 80, a standard deviation of 25, and two varying sample sizes to compare (50 and 150). For this simple random sample, we look to analyze the distribution of the sample mean, specifically the probability of the mean occurring at or below a customer rank of 75. Because the population of customers purchasing yogurt is infinite, we can dismiss the application of the population correction factor and simplify the calculation of the standard error to the standard deviation (25) divided by the square root of the sample size (either 50 or 150) (Anderson 2021). Furthermore, given that the sample sizes both exceed 30, general statistical practice ensures that we are observing a normal or near normal distribution, as implied by the rules of the Central Limit Theorem (Anderson 2021). Below is a summary of findings outlined in the managerial report synopsis. Attached is an Excel file to illustrate the findings.Calculate the probability the mean score of Blugurt given by the simple random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less:The probability of the sample mean being 75 or less for Blugurt with a sample size of 50 is 0.07865 or approximately 7.9%. This is demonstrated in the first tab of the attached Excel file and is represented by finding the z value from the population sample of 50. This is calculated by first finding the standard error, represented by the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample population (3.536) (Anderson 2021). Then the z value is found by subtracting the mean from the target value of 75 and dividing that sum by the standard error (-1.414) (Anderson 2021). By obtaining the z value, excel function (NORM.DIST) can be used to calculate the cumulative probability (area to the left of z = -1.414) which provides the probability that the sample mean will be less than 75 (0.07865 or approx. 7.9%) (Anderson 2021).If the Marketing Department increases the sample size to 150, what is the probability the mean score of Blugurt given by the simple random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less?:The probability of the sample mean being 75 or less for Blugurt with a sample size of 150 is 0.00715 or approximately 0.7%. This is demonstrated in the second tab of the attached Excel file and is calculated in the same way as before. The standard error (2.041) from the standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample population, then the z value by subtracting the mean from the target value of 75 and dividing that sum by the standard error (-2.449) (Anderson 2021). Similarly, by obtaining the z value, excel function (NORM.DIST) is used to calculate the cumulative probability (area to the left of z = -2.449) which provides the probability that the sample mean will be less than 75 for a sample of 150 (0.00715 or appox. 0.7%) (Anderson 2021).Explain to Marion Dairies senior management why the probability that the mean score of Blugurt for a random sample of Marion Dairies customers will be 75 or less is different for samples of 50 and 150 Marion Dairies customers:The reason that the probability varies with the sample size is because the standard error of the mean is affected by changes to the sample size (Anderson 2021). Whenever the sample size is increased, we are accounting for more data and therefore receiving values with less variation and that are more closely representing the population mean (Anderson 2021). As demonstrated above, the sample size increase reduces the standard error and therefore reduces variation in the values collected. Given that the probability and variability decreased with a larger sample, it is safe to assume that there is evidence that the population favors Blugurt and is likely to purchase this product. A similar simple random sample would also be beneficial for gathering point estimations and statistical inference on customers’ views on Strawgurt. By comparing the data collected on both flavors, management can evaluate preference for one or the other and potentially identify if Strawgurt offers another favorable option for customers and hence strengthens their market share, or if it would indeed cannibalize the existing favor for Blugurt and have offsetting outcomes.I personally have not used sample probabilities to make statistical inference on larger populations however, I think that this is a useful tool and concept to understand so that it can be applied to a situation where information is needed for a population that is too large to fully observe. Patient satisfaction is an important metric in evaluating our clinic’s likelihood to recommend and this would be a useful tool to experiment with when we offer a new service such as telemedicine or reservation options within our service line. Since the entire population cannot be surveyed, data gathered on a random sample could provide meaningful insight into the success of changes to our business model.References:Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J., (2021). Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft Office Excel (7th ed.)

How do you see this verse applying to the attackers’ attempts at social engineering?

During the COVID-19 stay-at-home requirements, many people worked from home. To carry on business, companies utilized various web-based meeting tools (such as Zoom). Some of these tools lacked robust security. A company, being proactive, sought to assure security against those attempting to take over such sessions.In Christianity, God brings to mind those things we need to ensure protection against, including issues related to computer security. We again look to the word of God for Scripture that tells us that safety can be found in the Lord. Psalm 140:4says, “Keep me safe, Lord, from the hands of the wicked; protect me from the violent, who devise ways to trip my feet” (NIV). We find in the Bible the admonition to seek the Lord in our activities as protection from those that would trick us.Review the material in the Getting Started section, including the specific Bible passage.Be sure to address to the following prompts in your paper:How do you see this verse applying to the attackers’ attempts at social engineering?How would you apply the principles of these verses in your workplace?Your paper should be at least 250 words in length.Submit your assignment by the end of the workshop.

Identify the variables being measured in each survey and explain which measure of central tendency you will select to use and why

With the information of the two studiesIdentify the variables being measured in each survey and explain which measure of central tendency you will select to use and whyWrite the results for study I and extrapolate to the COVID19 vaccination information in Florida State.

What position do you want to take regarding your chosen law?

Thesis: What law are you researching (choose a relevant cyber law)? What position do you want to take regarding your chosen law? You will need to decide if you agree or disagree with the current way the law is written. You can choose to like certain aspects of the law and not others.

Determine the variance and standard deviation of each option.

Consider the two options in the following table, both of which have random outcomes:Option 1Option 2Probability of OutcomePossibleOutcomes ($)Probability of OutcomePossibleOutcomes ($)1/161501/51204/163001/52556/167501/51,5004/163001/52551/161501/5120a. Determine the expected value of each option.Expected value of Option 1: $[removed]Expected value of Option 2: $[removed]b. Determine the variance and standard deviation of each option.Instruction: Round your answers for standard deviation to 2 decimal places.Variance of Option 1: [removed]Standard deviation of Option 1: [removed]Variance of Option 2: [removed]Standard deviation of Option 2: [removed]c. Which option is most risky?rev: 06_10_2013_QC_3Problem 12-02For each of the following scenarios, determine whether the decision maker is risk neutral, risk averse, or risk loving.a.A manager prefers a 20 percent chance of receiving $1,400 and an 80 percent chance of receiving $500 to receiving $680 for sure.[removed]Risk averse.[removed]Risk neutral.[removed]Risk loving.b.A shareholder prefers receiving $920 with certainty to an 80 percent chance of receiving $1,100 and a 20 percent chance of receiving $200.[removed]Risk loving.[removed]Risk averse.[removed]Risk neutral.c.A consumer is indifferent between receiving $1,360 for sure and a lottery that pays $2,000 with a 60 percent probability and $400 with a 40 percent probability.[removed]Risk loving.[removed]Risk neutral.[removed]Risk averse.Problem 12-03Your store sells an item desired by a consumer. The consumer is using an optimal search strategy; the accompanying graph shows the consumer’s expected benefits and costs of searching for a lower price.a.What is the consumer’s reservation price?$[removed]b.If your price is $3 and the consumer visits your store, will she purchase the item or continue to search?[removed]She will continue to search.[removed]She will purchase the item.c.Suppose the consumer’s cost of each search rises to $16. What is the highest price you can charge and still sell the item to the consumer if she visits your store?$[removed]d.Suppose the consumer’s cost of each search falls to $2. If the consumer finds a store charging $3, will she purchase at that price or continue to search?[removed]She will purchase the item.[removed]She will continue to search.Problem 12-14 (Algo)BK Books is an online book retailer that also has 10,000 “bricks and mortar” outlets worldwide. You are a risk-neutral manager within the Corporate Finance Division and are in dire need of a new financial analyst. You only interview students from the top MBA programs in your area. Thanks to your screening mechanisms and contacts, the students you interview ultimately differ only with respect to the wage that they are willing to accept. About 20 percent of acceptable candidates are willing to accept a salary of $50,000, while 80 percent demand a salary of $80,000. There are two phases to the interview process that every interviewee must go through. Phase 1 is the initial one-hour on-campus interview. All candidates interviewed in Phase 1 are also invited to Phase 2 of the interview, which consists of a five-hour office visit. In all, you spend six hours interviewing each candidate and value this time at $850. In addition, it costs a total of $4,400 in travel expenses to interview each candidate.You are very impressed with the first interviewee completing both phases of BK Books’s interviewing process, and she has indicated that her reservation salary is $80,000. Should you make her an offer at that salary or continue the interviewing process?[removed]Continue the interviewing process.[removed]You should be indifferent between these two options.[removed]Make her an offer.Problem 12-05 (Algo)A risk-neutral consumer is deciding whether to purchase a homogeneous product from one of two firms. One firm produces an unreliable product and the other a reliable product. At the time of the sale, the consumer is unable to distinguish between the two firms’ products. From the consumer’s perspective, there is an equal chance that a given firm’s product is reliable or unreliable. The maximum amount this consumer will pay for an unreliable product is $0, while she will pay $170 for a reliable product.a.Given this uncertainty, what is the most this consumer will pay to purchase one unit of this product?$[removed]b.How much will this consumer be willing to pay for the product if the firm offering the reliable product includes a warranty that will protect the consumer?$[removed]Problem 12-18 (Algo)Pelican Point Financial Group’s clientele consists of two types of investors. The first type of investor makes many transactions in a given year and has a net worth of over $2.5 million. These investors seek unlimited access to investment consultants and are willing to pay up to $35,000 annually for no-fee-based transactions, or alternatively, $50 per trade. The other type of investor also has a net worth of over $2.5 million but makes few transactions each year and therefore is willing to pay $100 per trade.As the manager of Pelican Point Financial Group, you are unable to determine whether any given individual is a high- or low-volume transaction investor. To deal with this issue, you design a self-selection mechanism that permits you to identify each type of investor. You offer two types of plans for customers with more than $2.5 million in assets: one plan has an annual maintenance fee but offers a large number of “free” transactions (call this the “Free Trade” Account); the other plan has no annual maintenance fee but charges for each transaction (call this the “Free Service” Account). Determine the specifics for each plan as listed below:“Free Trade” Account:Annual maintenance fee$[removed]Number of “free” transactions[removed]Price for each transaction in excess of the number of “free” transactions$[removed]“Free Service” Account:Price per transaction$[removed]rev: 06_11_2013_QC_3145Problem 12-15 (Essay, Autogradable)Congress enacted the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to potentially help millions of employees gain access to group health insurance. The key provision of HIPAA requires insurance companies and health insurance plans administered by employers who self-insure to provide all employees access to health insurance regardless of previous medical conditions. This provision is known as “guaranteed issue” and is a controversial topic in the insurance industry.If everyone is free to drop coverage, what type of problem may arise due to “guaranteed issue”?[removed]Free recall.[removed]Moral hazard.[removed]Winner’s curse.[removed]Adverse selection.Problem 12-07 (Algo)You are one of five risk-neutral bidders participating in an independent private values auction. Each bidder perceives that all other bidders’ valuations for the item are evenly distributed between $20,000 and $50,000. For each of the following auction types, determine your optimal bidding strategy if you value the item at $35,000.a. First-price, sealed-bid auction.[removed]Bid $35,000.[removed]Bid $20,000.[removed]Bid $32,000.[removed]Bid $50,000.b. Dutch auction.[removed]Let the auctioneer continue to lower the price until it reaches $32,000, and then yell “Mine!”.[removed]Let the auctioneer continue to lower the price until it reaches $50,000, and then yell “Mine!”.[removed]Let the auctioneer continue to lower the price until it reaches $35,000, and then yell “Mine!”.[removed]Let the auctioneer continue to lower the price until it reaches $20,000, and then yell “Mine!”.c. Second-price, sealed-bid auction.[removed]Bid $32,000.[removed]Bid $50,000.[removed]Bid $35,000.[removed]Bid $20,000.d. English auction.[removed]Remain active until the price exceeds $50,000, and then drop out.[removed]Remain active until the price exceeds $32,000, and then drop out.[removed]Remain active until the price exceeds $35,000, and then drop out.[removed]Remain active until the price exceeds $20,000, and then drop out.Problem 12-04You are the manager of a firm that sells a “commodity” in a market that resembles perfect competition, and your cost function is C(Q) = 2Q + 3Q2. Unfortunately, due to production lags, you must make your output decision prior to knowing for certain the price that will prevail in the market. You believe that there is a 70 percent chance the market price will be $200 and a 30 percent chance it will be $600.a.Calculate the expected market price.$[removed]b.What output should you produce in order to maximize expected profits?[removed] unitsc.What are your expected profits?$[removed]Problem 12-12As the manager of Smith Construction, you need to make a decision on the number of homes to build in a new residential area where you are the only builder. Unfortunately, you must build the homes before you learn how strong demand is for homes in this large neighborhood. There is a 60 percent chance of low demand and a 40 percent chance of high demand. The corresponding (inverse) demand functions for these two scenarios are P = 300,000 – 400Q and P = 500,000 – 275Q, respectively. Your cost function is C(Q) = 140,000 + 240,000Q.How many new homes should you build, and what profits can you expect?Number of homes you should build:[removed] homesProfits you can expect:$[removed]

Explain the difference between mechanistic and organic structures and describe factorsshaping an organization’s structure.

Explain the difference between mechanistic and organic structures and describe factorsshaping an organization’s structure.Exercise Instructions: You are required to submit a 2-Page (Title Page and Content Page), APA formatted paper with substantial content. Substantial content requires staying on topic and fully addresses the assignment in a clear, concise, and meaningful manner. The deliverable length of your posting responses must be at least 2-pages, (Title Page and Content Page) APA format.Exercises must be the students original thoughts based on the topics from the “Open Educational Resource” (OER) Course Textbook and/or other referenced sources. Direct quotes from references must be less than 20 words. Please review for sentence structure, grammar and punctuation errors. Plagiarized submissions may result in a “0” for the submission. Late submissions will be deducted 5 points.All assignment(s) derive from the OER Textbook. For academic purposes, at least 1 APA formatted reference is required pertaining to the topic(s).

What are the advantages of breaking up a single logical message into a number of fixed-sized packets and then sending each one of those packets independently through the network?

#4. Determine the total time it takes to transmit an uncompressed grayscale image (with 8 bits/pixel) from a screen with a resolution of 1,280 × 840 pixels using each of the following media:a. A 56 Kbps modemb. A 1.5 Mbps DSL linec. A 100 Mbps Ethernet link#5. Assume that we need to transmit a 1,440 × 900 uncompressed color image (using 16 bits per color pixel) over a computer network in less than 0.01 second. What is the minimal necessary line speed to meet this goal?#20. What are the advantages of breaking up a single logical message into a number of fixed-sized packets and then sending each one of those packets independently through the network?#1. The following are three possible logon scenarios. Explain why answer (c) below is preferable in terms of system security.a. Welcome to XYZ computing / Enter username: jones / Invalid username / Enter username:b. Welcome to XYZ computing / Enter username: smith / Enter password: password / Invalid access / Enter username:c. Enter username: smith / Enter password: password / Invalid access / Enter username: smith / Enter password: FpQr56 / Welcome to XYZ computing#16. If a message is encrypted using AES with a key length of 256 bits, the brute force approach to decryption involves generating each of the 2256 possible keys in turn until one is found that decodes the encrypted message. Quantum computing was discussed in Chapter 5. Using a quantum computer, how many qubits are required to represent all 2256 possible keys simultaneously?

Identify three major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Your Full Name:UMUC Biology 102/103Lab 3: Cell Structure and FunctionINSTRUCTIONS:•On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus).•To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.•Save your Lab 3 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab3 (e.g., Smith_Lab3).•You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility.Pre-Lab Questions1.Identify three major similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.2.Where is the DNA housed in a prokaryotic cell? Where is it housed in a eukaryotic cell?3. Identify three structures which provide support and protection in a eukaryotic cell.Experiment 1: Cell Structure and FunctionThe structure of a cell dictates the majority of its function. You will view a selection of slides that exhibit unique structures that contribute to tissues function.Materials:Onion (allium) Root Digital Slide ImagesProcedure1.Examine the onion root tip digital slide images on the following pages. Then, respond to the Post-Lab Questions.Onion Root Tip: 100XOnion Root Tip: 1000XOnion Root Tip: 1000XOnion Root Tip: 100X. Each dark circle indicates a different nucleus.Onion Root Tip: 1000XPost-Lab Questions1. Label each of the arrows in the following slide image: A=Chromosomes, B=Nucleus, C=Cytoplasm, D=Cell Wall2.What is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?3.Would an animal cell be able to survive without a mitochondria? Why or why not?4.What could you determine about a specimen if you observed a slide image showing the specimen with a cell wall, but no nucleus or mitochondria?5.Hypothesize why parts of a plant, such as the leaves, are green, but other parts, such as the roots, are not. Use scientific reasoning to support your hypothesis.Experiment 2: Osmosis – Direction and Concentration GradientsIn this experiment, we will investigate the effect of solute concentration on osmosis. A semi-permeable membrane (dialysis tubing) and sucrose will create an osmotic environment similar to that of a cell. This selective permeability allows us to examine the net movement of water across the membrane. You will begin the experiment with a 30% sucrose solution, and perform a set of serial dilutions to create lower concentration solutions. Some of the sucrose concentrations will be membrane permeable; while others will not be permeable (can you determine why this is?).Materials(3) 250 mL Beakers(1) 10 mL Graduated Cylinder(1) 100 mL Graduated CylinderPermanent Marker*8 Rubber Bands (2 blue, 2 green, 2 red, and 2 yellow)60 g Sucrose (Sugar) Powder, C12H22O114 Waste Beakers (any volume)*Paper Towels*Scissors*Stopwatch*Water*(4) 15 cm. Pieces of Dialysis Tubing*Contains latex. Please handle wearing safety gloves if you have a latex allergy.*You Must Provide*Be sure to measure and cut only the length you need for this experiment. Reserve the remainder for later experiments. Procedure1.Use the permanent marker to label the three 250 mL beakers as 1, 2, and 3.2.Cut four strips of dialysis tubing, each 15.0 cm long. Fill Beaker 3 with 100 mL of water and submerge the four pieces of dialysis tubing in the water for at least 10 minutes.3.After 10 minutes, remove one piece of tubing from the beaker. Use your thumb and pointer finger to rub the tubing between your fingers; this will open the tubing. Close one end of the tubing by folding over 3.0 cm of one end (this will become the bottom). Fold it again and secure with a yellow rubber band (use4.Tie a knot in the remaining dialysis tubing just above or just below the rubber band. This will create a seal and ensures that solution will not leak out of the tube later in the experiment.5.To test that no solution can leak out, add a few drops of water to the tubing and look for water leakage. If any water leaks, tighten the rubber band and/or the knot in the tubing. Make sure you pour the water out of the tubing before continuing to the next step.6.Repeat Steps 4 – 5 with the three remaining dialysis tubes, using each of the three remaining rubber band colors.7.Reconstitute the sucrose powder according to the instructions provided on the bottle’s label (your kit contains 60 g of sucrose in a chemical bottle) . This will create 200 mL of a 30% stock sucrose solution.8.Use Table 2 to create additional sucrose solutions that are 30%, 15% and 3% concentrated, respectively. Use the graduated cylinder and waste beakers to create these solutions. Set these solutions aside.Table 2: Serial Dilution InstructionsSucrose SolutionmL of Stock Sucrose Solution NeededmL of Water Needed30%10 015%5 53%1 93%1 99.Pour 150 mL of the remaining stock sucrose solution into Beaker 1.10.Use some of the remaining stock sucrose solution to create an additional 200 mL of a 3% sucrose solution into Beaker 2.Hint: Use your knowledge of serial dilutions to create this final, 3% sucrose solution.11.Measure and pour 10 mL of the remaining 30% sucrose solution into the dialysis bag with the yellow rubber band. Seal the top of this tubing with the remaining yellow rubber band.12.Measure and pour 10 mL of the 15% sucrose solution in the bag with the red rubber band, and seal the top of the dialysis tubing with the remaining red rubber band. 10 mL of the 3% sucrose solution in the bag with the blue rubber band, and seal the dialysis tubing with the remaining blue rubber band. The final 10 mL of 3% sucrose solution in the bag with the green rubber band. Seal the dialysis tubing with the remaining green rubber band.13.Verify and record the initial volume of solution from each bag in Table 3.Figure 8: The dialysis bags are filled with varying concentrations of sucrose solution and placed in one of two beakers.14.Place the yellow, red, and blue banded tubing in Beaker 2. Place the green banded tubing in Beaker 1 (Figure 8).15.Hypothesize whether water will flow in or out of each dialysis bag. Include your hypotheses, along with supporting scientific reasoning in the Hypotheses section at the end of this procedure.16.Allow the bags to sit for one hour. While waiting, pour out the water in the 250 mL beaker that was used to soak the dialysis tubing in Step 1. You will use the beaker in Step 19.17.After allowing the tubing to sit for one hour, remove them from the beakers.18.Carefully open the tubing. The top of the tubing may need to be cut off/removed as they tend to dry out over the course of an hour. Measure the solution volumes of each dialysis bag using the 100 mL graduated cylinder. Make sure to empty and dry the cylinder completely between each sample.19.Record your data in Table 3.Table 3: Sucrose Concentration vs. Tubing PermeabilityBand ColorSucrose %Initial Volume (mL)Final Volume (mL)Net Displacement (mL)Yellow Red Blue Green Hypothesis:Post-Lab Questions1.For each of the tubing pieces, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the beaker solution in which it was placed.2.Which tubing increased the most in volume? Explain why this happened.3.What do the results of this experiment this tell you about the relative tonicity between the contents of the tubing and the solution in the beaker?4.What would happen if the tubing with the yellow band was placed in a beaker of distilled water?5.How are excess salts that accumulate in cells transferred to the blood stream so they can be removed from the body? Be sure to explain how this process works in terms of tonicity.6.If you wanted water to flow out of a tubing piece filled with a 50% solution, what would the minimum concentration of the beaker solution need to be? Explain your answer using scientific evidence.7.How is this experiment similar to the way a cell membrane works in the body? How is it different? Be specific with your response.

× How can I help you?