What factors should a firm take into account when deciding how centralized its R&D activities should be?

What factors should a firm take into account when deciding how centralized its R&D activities should be? Should firms employ both centralized and decentralized R&D activities? Why or why not?

Discuss the incumbency advantage.  What is it, what are its components, and why is it so pervasive in US Congressional Elections?

As an institution, Congress isn’t rated very highly by Americans, yet the incumbency re-election rate is extraordinarily high. See the following:http://news.gallup.com/poll/1600/congress-public.aspxhttp://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2014/nov/11/facebook-posts/congress-has-11-approval-ratings-96-incumbent-re-e/For this Unit II paper, I want you to take a deeper dive into the Incumbency Advantage, exploring the concept and its elements, and do a little data mining to find evidence of it over time across three (3) states. Discuss the incumbency advantage. What is it, what are its components, and why is it so pervasive in US Congressional Elections? Incorporate the above articles, your class notes, as well as the following:https://cusdi.org/faq/why-are-sitting-members-of-congress-almost-always-reelected/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/05/09/people-hate-congress-but-most-incumbents-get-re-elected-what-gives/?utm_term=.b421134b1107Go to www.opensecrets.org, which is the website for the Center for Responsive Politics, an organization that tracks campaign contributions. Please do the following:Click on the Menu, then choose Congressional Elections. In the STATE search box, search for the following states: Texas, Georgia and New Jersey. For each state, present the rate of incumbent success for House seats (e.g., the # of incumbent winners/incumbents running] for the 2012, 2014 and 2016 elections. When you click on each district, you will see who the incumbent is. If no incumbent is listed, the seat was “open,” and should not be included in your calculations. Track the rate of incumbent success for each state over each of the four elections. Show your work!Did you find any contribution differences between the incumbents and challengers in the states? Provide examples and discuss.Find the rate of incumbent success for ALL (meaning all states, not just the three listed for House incumbency) Senate races for 2012, 2014, & 2016. Recall, only one-third the of Senate is up for election in any given year.Your data should be presented in a spreadsheet or table, and be accompanied by a narrative explanation of you findings.Remember to follow the General Guidelines for Written Assignments:All papers must be typewritten, with reasonable font sizes and margins (12pt maximum; 1-inch margins). Unless otherwise stated, papers should be at least 3-5 pages in length, double-spaced, and submitted via eCampus.Papers are required to include introductions and conclusions. Assume when writing that the reader has no prior information on your topic — then you will explain and fulfill each prompt completely. Please see the grading rubric to ensure that you cover all of the specifics.

Discuss the future of cyber warfare.

This assignment consists of two questions (below) to test your knowledge and assimilation of the course objectives. You are to pick ONE and answer it in 4-6- page essay. Grading will be based on the rubric. Make sure you follow AMU’s writing policies and the Chicago writing style guide (cover page, page numbering, double space, headings/subheadings, etc). The use of required texts and readings from this course is mandatory, but you may supplement with additional academic (credible) sources. YOU MUST CITE YOUR SOURCES AND INCLUDE A BIBLIOGRAPHY.Essay Question #1: Select one of the studies presented in Case Studies I (Week 6 Lesson) or Case Studies II (Week 7 Lesson) or another case of your choosing with instructor approval. Write an analysis paper providing more details of the attack, to include the following:a. Victim, attacker, and probable motivation for the attack.b. Nature and sophistication of the attack.c. What was the desired outcome of the attack?d. How successful was it?e. How effective were the attackers in covering their tracks?f. How did the victim respond?OREssay Question #2: Discuss the future of cyber warfare. Include the following as part of your discussion:a. How future wars will be fought.b. How ethical is cyber warfare?c. How the United States is preparing defensively to counter cyber-attacks?d. What is next?General Requirements1. Document Format.a. MS Word documentb. One-inch (1?) marginsc. Times New Roman fontd. Twelve (12) pitche. Not including your title page, this assignment should be 4-6 pages.f. You must use 5 scholarly sources in supporting this assignment.2. Citation Format: The Chicago Manual of Style. As stated in the Academic Integrity Briefings, information taken directly from another source must be placed in quotations and cited following the Chicago format contained in the week one “lessons” folder. You must cite all other information from your sources, even if you do not quote directly. DIRECT QUOTING SHOULD BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM.

How is the Texas Constitution changed?

How is the Texas Constitution changed?As you’ve read in your text, changes to the Texas Constitution are proposed by the state legislature, but can only be approved by a majority vote in a statewide election. In 2017, voters adopted all seven amendments proposed by the state legislature.In 2019, legislators proposed ten amendments for voter consideration last month. The first one, Proposition 1, attempted to solve a problem for some small Texas towns that have trouble finding anybody to serve as municipal court judge.The Texas Constitution (Article 16, Sec. 20) generally prohibits a person from holding more than one paid public office at the same time – which seems like a good idea. There is a list of exceptions for certain offices such as notary public (which, technically, is an appointed state office), as well as for members of the military and the reserves, etc. A few years ago, they added an exception for appointed municipal court judges in small towns where there may not be many lawyers willing to serve. This exception would allow one person to serve as a municipal court judge in several nearby small towns – probably just conducting traffic court for an hour or two every couple of weeks in each town.Some cities, however, elect their municipal court judges, and those elected judges are not covered by this exception. This year, legislators unanimously approved H.J.R. (“House Joint Resolution”) 72, to extend the more-than-one-city exception to elected municipal court judges.Write a 2 -5 page (double-spaced, normal font and margins, cited sources, etc.) essay about Proposition 1. Make sure you essay tells your reader:1. How this got to on the ballot (Talk a little about H.J.R. 72 and its progress through the House and Senate).2. What it was designed to do.3. Who seemed to be in favor and against.4. What potential problems could this create, if any?5. How would you have voted on this if you had been a state legislator?6. How did you vote (or how would you have voted) on this as a voter?7. What did voters decide about the proposal, and why do you think they made that decision?Submit in Word (.docx). Cite your sources.Additional ResourcesHere’s H.J.R. 72: https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=86R&Bill=HJR72Here’s the House Research Organization report on H.J.R. 72 that legislators saw when the resolution came to the House floor for a vote: https://hro.house.texas.gov/pdf/ba86r/hjr0072.pdf#navpanes=0Here’s the HRO report on all the proposed amendments on last month’s ballot: https://hro.house.texas.gov/pdf/focus/amend86.pdfThe Houston Chronicle had a brief article about the outcome of the election: https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/politics/texas/article/TEXAS-CONSTITUTIONAL-AMENDMENTS-Voters-pick-14812573.phpHere’s a good analysis of all of this year’s proposed amendments from the Texas Legislative Council: https://lrl.texas.gov/scanned/Constitutional_Amendments/amendments86_tlc_2019-11-05.pdf

If you could change any U.S. domestic policy today, what would it be?

Introduction: If you could change any U.S. domestic policy today, what would it be? For this activity, choose a policy you would like to change, submit a brief explanation of the policy you would like to change, and identify three references to support this policy change. This is the same policy you will use to write your Final Reflection assignment (due next week).Step 1: Choose a domestic public policy (examples listed below). Approval for your policy is required and will be provided in the grading rubric.Note: If your policy and/or references are not approved you will need to read the instructor feedback and provide an updated policy and/or references to be approved before submitting your final assignment.Energy.The environment.Health care.Social welfare.Civil rights.Death penalty.Gun control.Taxation.Assisted suicide.Affirmative action.Minimum wage.Drug legalization.Immigration.Hate crimes.Capital punishment.Step 2: Identify three references to support the policy change.Use reputable sources that support your views, illustrate the severity or urgency of the need for change, discuss current events that make you think about the seriousness of the issue, etc. Remember to review the news sources provided earlier in the course and ensure any references selected outside of that list are reliable.Step 3: Submit a Word document with your policy choice and one paragraph explaining why that is a policy you’d like to change and citations for your three references.Part2 of assignment Final ReflectionIntroduction: This assignment builds off the Policy You Would Change activity you completed in Week 9.Part 1: What is one domestic policy that you would change? Why?Be sure to use your approved policy and sources identified in the Policy You Would Change activity you completed in Week 9.Part 2: From the list of branches below, choose 2 and explain the procedures for changing or making a new policy for each of those two.the legislative processpresidential executive actionadministrative agency’s regulationslegal system of the courtsPart 3: In what way can the public influence this proposed policy change?Use evidence to support your argument including statistics and/or relevant facts from your sources

Identify and give examples of two of the manager’s competencies and how they correspond with Minztberg’s managerial roles.

Module1 Assignment: ManagementIntroductionThis assignment is divided into three parts. In Part A, you will consider the skills and competencies of manager. In Part B, you will consider ethics and corporate social responsibility. In Part C, you will write a profile of your views of management.Parts A and B will count for 10 per cent of your final course grade with marks distributed as follows:PartMarksPart A: A Manager With Whom I am Familiar60Part B: Ethical and Social Responsibility40Total100Part C: Self-Profile contributes to your major project and will count for 4 per cent of your major project mark.InstructionsCASE STUDY (MINZTBERG) REFERENCE FOR PART A: QUESTION 1 OR MORE http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.tru.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=94c987cb-7262-43d3-b48d-42262e7ccf7c%40sessionmgr15&vid=3&hid=28 Part A: A Manager With Whom I Am Familiar (60 Marks)Think of a manager with whom you are familiar. Look at the skills and competencies of this manager. Do not be constrained by the working title of manager in a business.Identify and give examples of two of the manager’s competencies and how they correspond with Minztberg’s managerial roles. (10 marks)Describe how the manager’s tasks fall into planning, organizing, leading, and controlling activities. (20 marks)Consider whether the manager acts efficiently and/or effectively in terms of adding value. Provide two examples (other than delegating and/or empowering employees) to support your decision. (10 marks).Comment on two ways that the manager could be a more efficient and/or effective manager. (10 marks)Analyze whether the manager effectively delegates and/or empowers his or her employees. (10 marks)NoteYou may have to interview the manager to obtain the information you require.Part B: Ethical and Social Responsibility (40 Marks)Ethics and Social responsibility have been becoming a more and more important topic in the business world in recent years. Please answer the following three questions concerning social responsibility (Questions 1–3 are on page 22 in the textbook):Contrast the classical and socio-economic views of corporate social responsibility. (10 marks)Discuss the role that stakeholders play in the four approaches to corporate social responsibility. (10 marks)What does corporate social responsibility mean to you personally? Do you think business organizations should be socially responsible? Explain. (20 marks)Part C: Self-Profile (Major Project) (4% of your major project grade)Look back at the answers you gave for “Module 1 Quiz 1” in Topic 1 of this module. Write a profile on your current view of management. Your discussions should be approximately one and a half pages (approximately 400 words). At the end of the course, as part of your major project, you will compare your thoughts on management to the self-profile you are doing now, to see if there have been any changes.

Write an essay analyzing one of the following key Supreme Court rulings:

Supreme Court Ruling AnalysisThe Supreme Court is made up of nine justices who are responsible for deciding whether or not laws are in line with the U.S. Constitution. These individuals serve life-long appointments once they are nominated by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate. Below is a list of some of the most controversial decisions in the last few decades by the Supreme Court. These cases are often mentioned by politicians during campaigns because the issues are still debated, even after the Supreme Court’s ruling.Write an essay analyzing one of the following key Supreme Court rulings:· National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius· District of Columbia v. Heller· Roe v. Wade (abortion rights)· Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission· Obergefell v. HodgesYour essay must be at least 500 words long.Answer these questions to complete your analysis of your selected Supreme Court ruling.· Tell the reader which of the five key Supreme Court ruling you selected to analyze.· What was the law being challenged in the case?· Tell me any of the states or government entities that were part of the case.· Who was the Petitioner in the Case?· What was the Petitioner’s argument?· Who was Respondent?· What was the Respondent’s argument?· What part or parts of the Constitution were discussed in the case?· Why were those parts of the Constitution discussed in the case?· What was the final Supreme Court rulingo What was the final score of the case was (for example 5 to 4 or 7 to 2 or some other combo that, in most cases, adds up to 9)o What was the date that the case was decided?o Which side won, was it the petitioner or the respondent?o What did it mean that this particular side won?· This is the most important part of the assignment: how does this case currently impact your life and the lives of Americans? Explore the political and electoral consequences of the ruling. Don’t just say, for example in the case of Roe v. Wade, women can now have abortions because only a small percent of the population is of childbearing potential – how did the case impact everyone else more generally? Think about how even this current or most recent presidential election was impacted by the ruling you have analyzed.· Provide a reference list.Please note: APA formatting and citations rules apply to this and all essays in this course.As with all weekly written assignments, submit your work as an attached file. Double-space your paper and use 12 point Times New Roman as your font.View your assignment rubric.

Develop crisis management plans for leading organizations in crisis preparation and response through the application of best practices of crisis management

Overview This project is the creation of a crisis management plan (CMP).A CMP is a living document that is updated regularly as society, technology, culture, and organizations change. For example, in 1990, K–12 schools and universities would not have listed “school shootings” at the top of the list of possible threats to their organizations, if they considered school shootings at all. In 1999, Columbine High School experienced the worst high school shooting in U.S. history, and everything changed. Today, any educational institution that does not have a CMP that includes training for prevention, preparation, response, recovery, and mitigation of school shootings would be considered negligent in their responsibilities to their internal and external stakeholders.To address crises, emergencies, and other threatening incidents, a CMP should be developed. This plan is created and updated by the crisis management team. The CMP typically lists the possible threats to an organization, the procedures to be implemented in the event of a crisis, and the internal and external stakeholders who are key to successful crisis management.If you are pursuing a career in crisis leadership, crisis management, crisis communication, emergency preparedness, or related fields, the development of a CMP is a necessary and vital skill. Therefore, for this project, you will develop a CMP for a chosen real-world organization that does not currently have one in place. Your CMP will include an analysis of the threat(s) to the organization, recommendations of appropriate strategies to respond to the threat(s), and a plan for the organization to resume operations after the potential crisis. In addition, your CMP will include an explanation of how the plan will be evaluated, should the potential crisis occur.In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:Develop crisis management plans for leading organizations in crisis preparation and response through the application of best practices of crisis managementAssess the roles and functions of crisis management teams for their importance in the development and implementation of crisis management plansDetermine appropriate strategies and tactics that can be used to prepare for, prevent, or mitigate crises by analyzing possible threats to organizationsEvaluate the communication needs of internal and external stakeholders by applying crisis communication principles to engage stakeholders before, during, and after crisisSynthesize theory and research in emergency preparedness and crisis management, leadership, and communication for developing, maintaining, and evaluating crisis management plansPromptThe crisis management plan should answer the following prompt: Imagine that you are a member of a crisis management team charged with developing a crisis management plan for a potential crisis.You must select an organization that does not currently have a CMP in place and determine the potential threat(s) to the organization and appropriate strategies to respond to the threat(s). Then, you will develop a plan for the organization to respond to the potential crisis and to resume operations after the crisis. In addition, you will describe how the CMP will be evaluated, should the potential crisis occur.Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:Introduction: Explain why the CMP is important for the organization. What potential crisis is this plan in response to?Schedule: Describe the planned schedule for practicing the CMP. Your schedule should be based on current best practices in crisis management.Crisis Control Center: Describe the location of the crisis control center In other words, where will the crisis management team rehearse for crises and gather when a crisis hits? Ensure that the location you select is equipped with the communications technology necessary to communicate with all stakeholders during a crisis.Crisis Management TeamMembers: Identify the crisis management team members. What role(s) and function(s) will each team member fulfill?Development: Assess the importance of the crisis management team in the development of the CMP.Implementation: Assess the importance of the crisis management team in the implementation of the CMP.Risk AssessmentThreat: Analyze the threat to the organization. What is the probability of the threat occurring? What impact will the threat have if it does occur? Support your analysis with academic and professional references.Preparation and Prevention: What strategies and tactics could the organization employ to prepare for or prevent a potential crisis that arises from the threats?Mitigation: What strategies and tactics could the organization employ to mitigate a crisis that arises from the threat after it has occurred?IncidentProcedures: Develop a plan to be implemented during a crisis, if a critical incident was to occur. In other words, what procedures should be put in place during a crisis that happens as a result of the threat to the organization? Be sure to support your plan with best practices in crisis management.Contingencies: Using current research in emergency preparedness and crisis management to inform your response, describe the contingencies that might occur as a result of the crisis. How can your crisis management plan account for these? Crisis CommunicationSpokesperson: Identify the key spokesperson who will communicate with all stakeholders in the event of a crisis. Why was this person chosen? Use crisis communication principles to support your explanation of why the key spokesperson was chosen.Stakeholders: Identify the primary stakeholders who are not part of the crisis management team. How will the crisis management team communicate with these stakeholders before, during, and after the crisis? Which crisis communication principles support your explanation?Procedures: How are the communication needs of internal and external stakeholders different in the crisis? How will you engage both groups? Describe the procedures you will use to communicate with both groups.Business Resumption: Outline the steps you recommend to help the organization resume normal operations after the crisis. Your recommendations should be based on current best practices in crisis management.EvaluationMaintenance: How will you maintain the crisis management plan before it is implemented? What processes can you put in place to ensure that the plan remains current? Support your response with academic and professional references.Implementation: How will you evaluate the crisis management plan if it needs to be implemented in a crisis? What criteria will you use to determine its effectiveness? Support your response with academic and professional references.Guidelines for Submission: The crisis management plan should adhere to the following formatting requirements: 12–17 pages, double-spaced, using 12-point Times New Roman font and one-inch margins. Use current APA-style guidelines for your citations and reference list. The crisis management plan should include a cover page and a reference list, and you could also consider including an acknowledgements page and a proprietary information page. See the sample crisis management plans in the course resources and use those as examples for formatting.

Describe at least 4 of the most likely processes she will go through from the time the police arrive at the scene.

Assignment Details A high school girl has been caught shoplifting at a high-end clothing store. Describe at least 4 of the most likely processes she will go through from the time the police arrive at the scene. Be sure to note the options available to the authorities when working with juveniles in regard to how this case is handled for each of the processes. Provide a description of the possible outcome for each option.

Evaluate the concept of market competitiveness in relation to an organization’s pay system, particularly when it is unable to offer its employees market competitive salaries due to a lack of financial resources.

Market CompetitivenessCompose a three-to-five page paperEvaluate the concept of market competitiveness in relation to an organization’s pay system, particularly when it is unable to offer its employees market competitive salaries due to a lack of financial resources. Propose at least three alternative approaches for organizations which have limited financial resources. Identify at least three specific steps that could be taken to minimize the impact implementing these alternative approaches could have on the firm’s success. Justify why these steps would be the most appropriate in this situation.In addition to the text, cite at least two scholarly references to support your discussion.Please use textbook as a source!!!!!!!! Martocchio, J.J. (2017). Strategic compensation: A human resource management approach (9th ed.). Pearson.

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