Is Tesla out of Control”

Please read the case “Is Tesla out of Control” on Page number 678, Chapter 16 – “Controlling” available in your textbook/e-textbook “Management: A Practical Approach” 9^th edition by Kinicki, A., & Williams, B., and answer the following questions:

QUESTIONS

Q1. What is the underlying problem in this case from the perspective of CEO Elon Musk?

Q2. What are the causes of the problem?

Q3. Which areas of organizational control are part of Tesla’s plan to remedy issues with the Model 3? Provide examples.

Q4. Is Musk exhibiting the two core principles of total quality management? Why or why not?

Requirements: short

16.8 Career Corner: Managing Your Career Readiness • Developing the competency of career management requires the application of four additional career readiness competencies: ownership/accepting responsibility, self-motivation, self-awareness, and openness to change.
• Figure 16.9 displays a four-step process for managing career readiness. • Five generic tips help you manage your career: (1) Make every day count. (2) Stay informed and network. (3) Promote yourself. (4) Roll with change and disruption. (5) Small things matter during interviews.

1. What is control, and what are six reasons control is needed? 2. Explain the steps in the control process, and describe the three levels of control. 3. Distinguish among the six areas of organizational control: physical, human, informational, financial, structural, and cultural. 4. Explain the four indicators of the balanced scorecard, and state what a strategy map is. 5. What are four mechanisms of success for measurement-managed firms and four barriers to effective measurement?
2. Define incremental budgeting, and give some examples of types of budgets. 7. Explain the following financial tools used for control: financial statement, balance sheet, income statement, and audits (both external and internal). 8. Discuss total quality management, its two core principles, and the concept of continuous improvement. 9. Explain the following TQM tools and techniques: reduced cycle time, the ISO 9000 series, the ISO 14000 series, statistical process control, and Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. 10. What is the formula for defining productivity?
   Understanding the Chapter: What Do I Know?
   Is Tesla Out of Control? Tesla started in 2003 and specializes in electric cars, battery energy storage, and solar panels. The company had more than 37,000 employees and revenues of over $11 billion in 2017.172 Tesla revolutionized the electric car industry when it introduced the fully electric, plug-in Model S sports sedan in 2013. The Model S was named “Car of the Century” by Car and Driver magazine in 2015.173 Tesla’s Model S started at well over $70,000, with some models costing more than $100,000.174 Tesla added a more affordable Model 3 at around $35,000 to its lineup in 2017.175 Tesla’s finances struggled since introducing the Model 3. The company’s net losses grew from $773 million in 2016 to $2.24 billion in 2017.176 Moody’s downgraded the company’s credit rating based on fears that it could run out of money by the end of 2018.177 What happened?
   TESLA’S MANUFACTURING PROBLEMS Manufacturing of the Model 3 has been “hell,” according to Musk.178 The vehicle is taking too long to make, and it has a high defect rate. Tesla’s production line couldn’t keep up with the demand for approximately 400,000 Model 3s between 2017 and 2018. The company has been operating out of
   a former GM/Toyota joint venture plant in California with a capacity to produce 400,000 cars annually. Tesla could barely get a quarter of that production in 2017 as it resorted to pulling cars off the production line and finishing them by hand.179 Tesla’s production line is suffering from too much automation, according to Business Insider. Most car manufacturers automate stamping, painting, and welding, but Musk decided to automate even more.180 He directed that final vehicle assembly, including putting parts inside the vehicle, be completed by robots. “It’s remarkable how much can be done by just beating up robots … adding additional robots at choke points and just making lines go really, really fast,” he said in 2017.181 To his surprise, automation actually slowed production. “Automation in final assembly doesn’t work,” said a Wall Street analyst. For example, Japanese carmakers actually limit automation because it is costly and negatively impacts quality.182 Tesla experienced this firsthand. Musk’s robots couldn’t get the final assembly sequencing right, delaying assembly and prompting manual refinishes.183 The robots also haven’t saved the company any money. Tesla was able to reduce the number of workers on its production line due to automation, but it had to hire more expensive engineers to manage and program
   Management in Action
   Control Systems and Quality Management CHAPTER 16 679
   its robots. This does not even take into account the expense associated with redoing assembly that robots couldn’t get right in the first place.184 Model 3s coming off the production line were defective. According to the LA Times, “Online Tesla forums are rife with comments from some of those lucky enough to have the car in hand. They’re griping about dead batteries, leaking tail lamps, protruding headlights, door rattles, and body panels that don’t line up— and in many cases, they’ve got photos to back it up.”185 The delays and poor production quality are creating a cash problem for Tesla. It can’t sell cars it hasn’t produced, yet Bloomberg reported that the company spent nearly half a million dollars every hour of 2017. “Whether [Tesla] can last another 10 months or a year, [Musk] needs money, and quickly,” said Kevin Tynan, a senior analyst with Bloomberg Intelligence. Tynan estimated Tesla will be required to raise at least $2 billion in fresh capital by mid-2018.186 Musk disagreed, tweeting “Tesla will be profitable & cash flow positive in Q3 & Q4 [2018], so obviously no need to raise money.”187 Musk’s ambition has been praised in the past, but Tesla’s worsening financial position is raising more and more questions. The company has lost $4.6 billion since going public in 2010. MUSK IS TRYING TO TAKE CONTROL Tesla’s plan is to take greater control of its manufacturing line in order to increase production and reduce expenses. Musk admitted in 2018 that Tesla overly relied on robots in production telling CBS, “…excessive automation at Tesla was a mistake. To be precise, my mistake. Humans are underrated.”188 Musk believes more humans need to oversee vehicle assembly, starting with him. The CEO is spending day and night at the Tesla factory (even sleeping in the conference room) so he can realize errors in production and solve them in real time.189 Tesla employees may not be too thrilled. Musk describes himself not only as micromanager, but as a “nano-manager” (micro- means a thousandth of something, while nano- means a billionth). “I have [obsessive-compulsive disorder] OCD on product-related issues,” he told The Wall Street Journal. “I always see what’s … wrong … I never see what’s right.”190 Musk says that direct oversight has allowed him to “unlock some of the critical things that were holding [Tesla] back.”191 His first move was to temporarily shut down the entire Model 3 production line in April 2018. Tesla’s spokesperson termed the shutdown as “planned downtime” to “improve automation and systemically address bottlenecks in order to increase production rates.”192 Critics believed Musk was wrong to put the line on hold. “Periodic shutdowns of hours or a day are not uncommon during pre-launch pilot build. They are unheard of in regular production, where [Musk] supposedly is,” said a former General Motors vice chairman.193
   What Musk did not put on hold were his expectations for production. Tesla committed to increasing production from 5,000 to 6,000 cars a week by June 2018, according to USA Today.194 The investor community is skeptical of this lofty goal, especially since Musk has a history of failing to deliver. For example, he said in 2017 that Tesla would churn out 5,000 Model 3s by year’s end but only delivered 2,700.195 Musk plans to get to 6,000 cars a week by producing them day and night. Tesla is adding another production shift at its manufacturing plant, transitioning to 24/7 operations. The company is hiring 400 workers a week for several weeks in order to cover this new shift.196 Some analysts don’t think this is a wise move as most U.S. auto plants at established automakers only operate two eight-hour shifts. This is because supplying a plant with parts and keeping the equipment in peak operation is difficult when running around the clock. “There’s diminishing returns when running 24/7,” said an executive analyst with CNNMoney. Running an additional shift also has financial implications for Tesla. The additional hires will surely put more pressure on its finances.197 Musk’s response is to tighten the purse strings elsewhere. He is planning an audit to save expenses where possible, says The Detroit News. “I have asked the Tesla finance team to comb through every expense worldwide, no matter how small, and cut everything that doesn’t have a strong value justification,” he wrote in a 2018 e-mail to Tesla employees. “All capital or other expenditures above a million dollars, or where a set of related expenses may accumulate to a million dollars over the next 12 months, should be considered on hold until explicitly approved by me,” said the CEO.198 Can Musk get Tesla under control before it runs out of cash?
   FOR DISCUSSION Problem-Solving Perspective
3. What is the underlying problem in this case from the perspective of CEO Elon Musk? 2. What are the causes of the problem? 3. What is your evaluation of Musk’s approach for solving the problem?
   Application of Chapter Content
4. Is Musk implementing feedforward, concurrent, or feedback control to solve production issues? Explain. 2. Which areas of organizational control are part of Tesla’s plan to remedy issues with the Model 3? Provide examples. 3. Create a balanced scorecard to give Musk a view of Tesla

CYBER SECURITY

In this assignment, analyze OpenSAMM as an assessment tool. Identify the pros and cons of OpenSAMM as compared to another assessment tool such as BSIMM.

Deliverables:

For this assignment, you are to:

Develop a report that should be 4-5 pages, not including the title and reference pages, and formatted to Saudi Electronic University academic writing standards and APA style guidelines, citing references as appropriate.

4) What are some of the ways politicians can control or manage the news? How can citizens get some control over the political narrative?

Writing instructions DON’T USE TURNITIN

3–5-page essay on the power of media in American politics. use 3 or more of the questions below — based on chapter 9 in AmGov textbook– as the focus of your paper. (“AmGov” by Christine Barbour.) Find at least 2 articles or websites that relate to the topic and make direct references to them in addition to the book.

question option:

1) Being a mediated citizen (as textbook author describes it) has both drawbacks and benefits. Discuss how we get our information and what it means to be a mediated citizen in today’s America. (Sections 9.1 & 9.2 from the book)

2) What do journalists do, how important are those things and can we trust them? (Section 9.4 from the book)

3) How do people working in the media help shape the political narrative? What are some of the powers of the media to ‘spin’ or create a story? (section 9.5)

4) What are some of the ways politicians can control or manage the news? How can citizens get some control over the political narrative? (Sections 9.6 & 9.7)

complete citations for articles and textbook.

Data Science and Statistical Modelling Assignment

MTHM502 Introduction to Data Science and Statistical Modelling Assignment

1. The offspring of an animal can be split into three distinct types: type BB, type Bb and type bb. If the offspring is of type bb it has brown fur, otherwise it has black fur. Suppose that the initial proportion of type BB offspring is 1/8, the initial proportion of type bb offspring is 1/4, and the rest of the offspring are of type Bb. Suppose that any offspring of type BB, type Bb and type bb will independently survive to maturity with probability 1/4, 1/8 and 3/4 respectively. (a) [5 marks] Find the probability that a randomly chosen offspring survives to maturity. (b) [7 marks] Given that an offspring has survived to maturity, find the probability that it has black fur. 2. We toss a coin which shows a head with probability p. If the coin shows a head, we toss it again, but if it shows a tail we stop (so the coin is tossed either once or twice). (a) [4 marks] Find the probability that we get a head at the end of this experiment. (b) [5 marks] Now we toss 10 coins, where each coin shows a head with probability p, independently of each other. Each coin which shows a head is tossed again. What is the probability mass function of the number of heads we have after the second round of tosses? (c) [4 marks] Find the expected number of heads after the first round of tosses in Q2(b). How does this number change after the second round of tosses? (d) [6 marks] R: Use simulation to find the probability that we have no heads at the end of the experiment in Q2(b) when p =0.3. 3. The following data are the observed frequencies of the number of strikes y in a ship building company in the UK during 1948-1961: No. of Strikes 0 1 2 3 4 Frequency 137 33 10 1 1 Thus n =182 andP182 i=1 yi =60. Assume a Poisson model for these data with parameter λ. (a) [7 marks] Suggest a point estimator for the Poisson parameter λ, and obtain a standard error for this estimator. Next, use the provided data to calculate an approximate 95% confidence interval for λ. Does the confidence interval support the hypothesis at the 5%-level that λ =1? (b) [8 marks] Suppose only those periods during which there was at least one strike are of interest (note that in this case the zero entries in the dataset are not considered!). An appropriate model here has the following probability mass function f(y;λ)= e−λλy (1−e−λ)y!, y =1,2,3,… and λ > 0. Obtain the log-likelihood function for this case and show that the equation for the maximum likelihood estimator ˆ λ reduces to solving: ˆ λ 1−e−ˆ λ = 4 3.
   1
   That is, the maximum likelihood estimate is the root of the function
   f(λ)=
   ˆ λ 1−e−ˆ λ −
   4 3. (1) Note that you’re not expected to solve the above equation manually. (c) [5 marks] R: Plot the derivative of the loglikelihood function from Q3(b) and identify an interval of length one that contains the root of this function. (d) [6 marks] R: Use the optimise function to determine the maximum likelihood estimate ˆ λ to three decimal places. (Looking at the help page of optimise reveals that optimise needs a function to minimise, furthermore it has a lower and upper argument that specifies the two endpoints of the interval to be searched). The function that needs to be minimised in order to obtain the maximum likelihood estimate is the absolute value of the function (1) from Q3(b) (you need to define this function), while a suitable interval can be the one identified in Q3(c). 4. The random variable Y has a Binom(n,p) distribution where n is known and p ∈[0,1] is to be estimated. (a) [3 marks] Show that the method of moments estimate of p on observing Y = y is ˆ p = y n. From now on we shall write the method of moments estimator of p as T = T(Y)= Y n. (b) [6 marks] Find the mean and variance of T. What are the bias and mean square error of T as an estimator of p? (c) [4 marks] An investigator is interested in the parameter θ = p2 and proposes to use T2 = Y 2 n2 to estimate θ. Show that T2 is a biased estimator of θ. (d) [5 marks] Final an expression of the form aT2 +bT which gives an unbiased estimator of θ. 5. Planktonarekeyorganismsinmanyaquaticsystems. Assuch, itisessentialtounderstandhowdifferent abiotic quantities affect plankton levels. Part of an investigation into the factors affecting the productivity of plankton in the River Thames at Reading consisted of taking measurements at 30 monthly intervals of the production of oxygen (in milligrams per cubic metre per day) and potentially useful explanatory variables in predicting its level. The aim of this assingment is to investigate the relationship between the explanatory variables and the production of oxygen. The data file (oxygenfull.csv) contains one line of data per month as follows: • OXY – Production of oxygen (in milligrams per cubic metre per day) • CHLOR – The amount of chlorophyll (in micrograms per cubic metre per day) • LIGHT -The amount of light (in calories per square centimetre per day) • TEMP -The temperature of the water (in degrees C) • SPEED -The speed of the river flow (in metres per second) • SUN – The amount of sun light per day (hours) • ALT – The altitude above sea level (in metres) (a) [6 marks] Read in and check the data. Carry out exploratory data analysis, and comment on your findings. (b) [10 marks] Build a regression model during which you will have to decide which of the possible explanatory variables should be included in the model. Explain the key steps of your analysis (in particular why you decided to include certain explanatory variables, but not others). (c) [9 marks] Comment on the fit and interpretation of the final model, explaining what conclusions you can draw from your chosen model. Include suitable residual plots, commenting as appropriate.
   2
   Total for paper = 100 marks. The submitted work should be your own work! The questions apart from Q2(d), Q3(c), Q3(d) and Q5 are theoretical exercises, and should be solved using results we covered in lectures. Make sure you justify each step of the theoretical reasoning by clearly stating the theorem/property you are using (marks will be awarded for these). Also make sure that you add comments to each section of your R code, explaining what you’re doing. A pdf document with your R code and the solutions to the theoretical exercises should be submitted through EBART by Noon (12pm), 22nd November. Note that late submissions will be penalised.

discuss how the above-solved equilibrium levels Ye, Ce, Ge and Te will change (i.e., increase or decrease) if the income tax rate (t) is going to be increased.

Linear Algebra for Economics and Finance (2021-22Sem1) –– Special Assignment (80 marks, contributing 10% to the course’s overall assessment) Submitted to TA (Miss Tina Kong at T1-301-R5-H10) or the Lecturer before 5:00pm, Tuesday, 7 December 2021
Consider the following simplified national-income model, Y = C + G + I0 (1) C =  +  (Y – T) (  > 0, 0 <  < 1) (2) G =  +  Y (  > 0, 0 <  < 1) (3) T = d + tY (d > 0, 0 < t < 1) (4) where Y, C, G and T represent the endogenous variables of national income, private consumption expenditure, government consumption expenditure, and income tax, I0 stands for the exogenous variable of investment expenditure,  ,  ,  ,  , and d are independent structural parameters, and t is the (private) income tax rate which is considered as a policy or control parameter, respectively. It is also understood that  and  , standing for private and government consumption rates, respectively, satisfy the reasonable conditions of  –  d > 0 and  +  < 1.
Denote x = [
𝑌 𝐶 𝐺 𝑇
] and write equations (1)-(4) in matrix format as:
x = Ax + b (5)
Question 1 (20 marks) (i) What is A and what is b? (5 marks) (ii) Find the column space and null space of A, each written as a subspace spanned from a set of some independent vectors as usual. What is the rank of A? (11 marks)
(iii) Determine if v1 = [
2  2𝑡 2  𝑡 ] and v2 = [
 2𝑡 2  2𝑡 ] belong to the column space of A or not. (4 marks)
Question 2 (20 marks) Just for this Question 2 only, assume  = t 2 [i.e., government consumption rate equals to (private) income tax rate squared]. (i) Find all eigenvalues of A. (10 marks) (ii) Discuss A is diagonalizable or not. (10 marks)
Question 3 (40 marks) (i) Solve for Y, C, G and T from equations (1)-(4) [or from equation (5)] in terms of the exogenous variable (I0) and parameters (  ,  ,  ,  , d and t), formally called their equilibrium values which are denoted as Ye, Ce, Ge and Te, respectively. Indicate the conditions or restrictions (if any) needed in order to find the equilibrium values. (20 marks) (ii) Discuss how the above-solved equilibrium levels Ye, Ce, Ge and Te will change (i.e., increase or decrease) if the income tax rate (t) is going to be increased. (20 marks)
—- End of Special Assignment —-

Calculate the capital required under Basel II if the Standardized Approach is used and show whether the bank has sufficient capital to meet the Basel requirements.

A bank has the following balance sheet (in millions):
Cash 24 Retail Deposits 620 OECD Bank Deposits (BBB) 120 Wholesale Deposits 300 Corporate Bonds (BBB) 90 Common Equity 50 Mortgage Loans 130 Subordinated Debt (>5 years) 4 Small Business Loans 300 Consumer Loans 320 Reserve for Loan Losses (10) Total 974 Total 974
The bank has the following transactions with a BBB+ rated company:
• A two-year forward contract on a foreign currency, currently worth £3 million, to buy foreign currency worth £140 million. • A six-month forward contract on the FTSE100. The principal is £20 million and the current value is £2.5 million. • A two-year swap involving oil. The principal is £6 0 million and the current value of the swap is -£7 million.
Note:
Basel I credit conversion factors are 0% to cash and government bonds; 20% to claims on OECD banks; 50% to residential mortgages; 100% to corporate loans, corporate bonds, and consumer loans.
Rating AAA to AA-
A+ to A- BBB+ to BBB-
BB+ to BB-
B+ to B- Below B- Unrated
Country 0% 20% 50% 100% 100% 150% 100% Banks 20% 50% 50% 100% 100% 150% 50% Corporates 20% 50% 100% 100% 150% 150% 100%
Retail lending (secured) 35% Retail lending (unsecured) 75% 1- to 5-year foreign exchange contracts 5% 1- to 5-year interest rate swaps 0.5% 5- to 10-year interest rate swaps 1.5%
Add-on factors
Remaining Maturity (yr)
Interest Rate
Exchange Rate and Gold
Equity Other Precious Metals
Other Commodities < 1 0.0 1.0 6.0 7.0 10.0 1 to 5 0.5 5.0 8.0 7.0 12.0 > 5 1.5 7.5 10.0 8.0 15.0
Required:
(a) Estimate the capital required under Basel I (assume no netting for the off-balance sheet items) and discuss whether the bank has sufficient capital to meet the Basel requirements. (b) Calculate the capital required under Basel II if the Standardized Approach is used and show whether the bank has sufficient capital to meet the Basel requirements. If not, calculate the total capital the bank needs to meet the requirement.
(c) Calculate the leverage ratio. Briefly discuss the difference between the leverage ratio and the capital adequacy ratio.

AUDITORS OBJECTIVES

.Which of the following is not one of the auditor’s objectives regarding inventory?

1. Verifying that inventory counted is owned by the client.

2. Verifying that the client has used proper accounting for inventory.

3. Verifying the proper valuation of inventory.

4. Verifying that all inventory owned by the client is at the warehouse at the time of the count.

This exercise asks you to convert business statements into dependencies.

ICS 324 – HW 3

Due November 27, 2021

Solve the following normalization questions.

1. [4 pts] Consider the relation R = {A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J} and functional dependencies

• {A,B} à {C}
• {A} à {D,E}
• {B} à {F} 
• {F} à {G,H}  
• {D} à {I,J}

What is the key for R? Decompose R into 2NF and then 3NF relations.

• [4 pts] Consider a relation R = {A, B, C, D, E} with the following dependencies.

• {A, B} à {C}
• {C, D} à {E}
• {D, E} à {B}

Is AB a candidate key of R?  What about ABD? Explain your answer.

• [4 pts] Consider the relation R, which has attributes that hold schedules of courses and sections at a university;

R = {Course_no, Sec_no, Offering_dept, Credit_hours, Course_level, Instructor_ssn, Semester, Year, Days_hours, Room_no, No_of_students}.

Suppose that the following functional dependencies hold on R:

• {Course_no} → {Offering_dept, Credit_hours, Course_level}
• {Course_no, Sec_no, Semester, Year} → {Days_hours, Room_no, No_of_students, Instructor_ssn}
• {Room_no, Days_hours, Semester, Year} → {Instructor_ssn, Course_no, Sec_no}

Try to determine which sets of attributes form keys of R. How would you normalize this relation?

• [4 pts] This exercise asks you to convert business statements into dependencies.

Consider the relation DISK_DRIVE (Serial_number, Manufacturer, Model, Batch, Capacity, Retailer). Each tuple in the relation DISK_DRIVE contains information about a disk drive with a unique Serial_number, made by a manufacturer, with a particular model number, released in a certain batch, which has a certain storage capacity and is sold by a certain retailer. For example, the tuple Disk_drive (‘1978619’, ‘WesternDigital’, ‘A2235X’, ‘765234’, 500, ‘CompUSA’) specifies that WesternDigital made a disk drive with serial number 1978619 and model number A2235X, released in batch 765234; it is 500GB and sold by CompUSA. Write each of the following dependencies as an FD:

1. The manufacturer and serial number uniquely identifies the drive.
2. A model number is registered by a manufacturer and therefore can’t be used by another manufacturer.
3. All disk drives in a particular batch are the same model.
4. All disk drives of a certain model of a particular manufacturer have exactly the same capacity.

• [4 pts] Consider the following relation:

CAR_SALE (Car_id, Option_type, Option_listprice, Sale_date, Option_discountedprice)

This relation refers to options installed in cars (e.g., cruise control) that were sold at a dealership, and the list and discounted prices of the options. If

• CarID → Sale_date
• Option_type → Option_listprice
• CarID, Option_type → Option_discountedprice

Argue using the generalized definition of the 3NF that this relation is not in 3NF. Then argue from your knowledge of 2NF, why it is not even in 2NF.

• [4 pts] Consider relation R = {A, B, C, D, E} with the following dependencies.
• {A} → {C}
• {B, D} → {A}
• {D} → {E}

Decompose R into BCNF. In each step, explain which functional dependency you used to
decompose and explain why further decomposition is needed. And also make sure you indicate the keys for each relation.

Ethical and legal issues

Assessment Description

Write a short scenario that gives a fictional example of an ethical or legal issue you could encounter when working with an aging or vulnerable adult client. Describe what you could do to protect yourself in a situation similar to the scenario you describe.

Identify and discuss 4 personality concepts as they apply to your current self.

For this assignment, you will reflect on what you know about your current self in terms of personality and you will also write about your future self. First, you will identify and discuss 4 personality concepts as they apply to your current self. Then, end the paper with a reflection about aging and your future self. In this second part, focus on application of developmental psychology and the changes you may expect for your future. Incorporate specific details and terminology of what you have learned in this class. I recognize that elements of this paper may be personal in nature. You are welcome to share as much or as little as you are comfortable sharing when it comes to personal details. There are many concepts from this course that you can potentially draw on, so you should choose topics that you are comfortable discussing. The goal here is to think deeply and apply concepts, so I am open to however you would like to demonstrate that. I will not be grading/judging your personal journey in any way. I will be grading based on your clear application of concepts, examples, and quality of writing (see rubric below). Additionally: You must select concepts covered in your textbook or the readings provided on Canvas. The concepts should be empirically validated ideas discussed in this course, NOT based on pseudoscience, an internet blog, or “pop psychology.” You will not need to spend time defining each concept in detail; but rather, demonstrate your knowledge of each concept by connecting it to observations of yourself and providing specific examples. Aim for 3 pages on current personality concepts and 1 page on aging/future self. Practice conciseness and only include the most relevant and important examples to meet the requirements of the assignment.