Describe the five traditional PMBOK process groups.
A few months ago, on the basis of your experience in a hospital business office, you were hired into a managerial position. You were just starting to feel comfortable in the position when the administrator walked into your office to tell you the department is outgrowing its quarters and must start planning an expansion project. The administrator also confided that she has never been involved in such a project and that she does not have time to do any research. She wants you to do the initial legwork and put together a briefing that will help her prepare a presentation for the board.
Assignment Deliverable
Present a short history of health care facility design in the U.S. from 1800 to the present.
Describe the five traditional PMBOK process groups.
Discuss the process groups in light of Haywards emphasis on predesign planning.
Examine the decision process for determining whether to renovate or replace a health care facility.
Cite at least 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references.
Format your citations and references according to APA guidelines.
Submit your assignment
Employees were asked to complete an anonymous workplace satisfaction survey in January 2022. A new HR campaign to increase employee satisfaction was then implemented. In July 2022, employees were anonymously surveyed again. The HR department wants to know if there is there a difference in employee satisfaction scores from January 2022 compared to July 2022? What statistical test should you use to analyze this data? What do the results mean?
Question 1 Employees were asked to complete an anonymous workplace satisfaction survey in January 2022. A new HR campaign to increase employee satisfaction was then implemented. In July 2022, employees were anonymously surveyed again. The HR department wants to know if there is there a difference in employee satisfaction scores from January 2022 compared to July 2022? What statistical test should you use to analyze this data? What do the results mean? Form an appropriate hypothesis, run the statistical test, and write up your results according to APA 7th Ed. Make sure to describe any follow-up or additional statistical analysis, if necessary. January July89 8085 8084 8290 8588 8488 8489 8885 8884 85Employees were asked to complete an anonymous workplace satisfaction survey in January 2022. A new HR campaign to increase employee satisfaction was then implemented. In July 2022, employees were anonymously surveyed again. The HR department wants to know if there is there a difference in employee satisfaction scores from January 2022 compared to July 2022? What statistical test should you use to analyze this data? What do the results mean? Form an appropriate hypothesis, run the statistical test, and write up your results according to APA 7th Ed. Make sure to describe any follow-up or additional statistical analysis, if necessary. January July89 8085 8084 8990 8588 8488 9089 8885 9084 7090 75Using the World95 data set in JASP, answer the following research question.Does population density (density) and life expectancy among women (lifeexpf) significantly influence baby mortality (babymort)? What statistical test should you use to analyze this data? What do the results mean? Form an appropriate hypothesis, run the statistical test, and write up your results according to APA 7th Ed. Make sure to describe any follow-up or additional statistical analysis, if necessary. Using the World95 data set in JASP, answer the following research question.Is there a significant difference between life expectancy rates for women (lifeexpf), literacy rates (literacy), and birthrates (birth_rt) based on region? What statistical test should you use to analyze this data? What do the results mean? Form an appropriate hypothesis, run the statistical test, and write up your results according to APA 7th Ed. Make sure to describe any follow-up or additional statistical analysis, if necessary. [Note: For the follow-up to this question, you do NOT need to do anything beyond reporting the initial follow-up results.]Identify the appropriate statistical test after reading the description of the research.?Josie and Kamal collected the following information from their participants – normal study location (home, library, school), hours spent studying, and GPA. They are interested in finding out if there is a difference in hours spent studying and GPA based on the different locations students study in.What is the correct type of test that should be used to analyze this data?
A firms financial statements provide a visual representation of the business to stakeholders inside and outside the firm. Analyzing the financial statements helps managers carry out several important tasks.How would you go about evaluating your personal financial statement?
Directions: class discussion and a classmate response A firms financial statements provide a visual representation of the business to stakeholders inside and outside the firm. Analyzing the financial statements helps managers carry out several important tasks.Initial PostThink about how you would do budget planning and figuring out your net worth, and share your approach. How would you go about evaluating your personal financial statement? You may look at your bank and credit card statements. What else would you look at and why? What information can you glean from the statements? How do you budget? Important note: do not share your personal information, just your methodology.Reply PostRespond to one classmates post. Comment on your classmates budget planning process. What is something new you learned that you could apply to your situation? Offer a suggestion or practice you use to improve the process.8/22/23, 8:02 PM Net WorthI would consider personal net worth as if I were to leave this earth tomorrow, what would my family be left with? Since my daughter was born, I have tried to ensure that my 401K, life insurance, and savings would cover my debts and burial expenses and leave her with some extra to cover her schooling or start her own investments. When looking at my bank statements, savings would all be considered an asset. My checking would still be an asset only you have to subtract any outstanding debts that may have been authorized prior to the period but not actually withdrawn. Credit cards I do not consider an asset, while they have value and purchase power to me now if something happens to me; the debt would need to be paid and the credit available does not pass onto my family. BudgetMy family budgets monthly and for big-ticket items such as Christmas or vacation. The biggest thing that helped me keep to a budget, is breaking out household expenses such as soap, shampoo and cleaning supplies from groceries. When shopping in person in big retail stores such as Wal-Mart it’s easier to combine the two budgets. What I like to do is use the app for pick-up. That way I can add all of my “groceries” to the cart and get my total, then add all my household items. I take the total minus my groceries, and I get what I then spent on household items. Another way the app helps me stick to a budget is I meal plan every week. I go through the fridge and cabinets, so I only order the items I absolutely need. If I happen to exceed my grocery budget after adding all the needed items, I review my meal plan. I then substitute one of the higher-priced dinners with something more budget-friendly. Or change one of the meals to something I know we’ll have leftovers, like chili or stew; then, I don’t need to plan for as many meals.
Andy sues Ray Motors for injuries suffered while driving a used snowmobile that Ray Motors sold him. His suit is based on breach of warranty (a contract theory) and strict products liability (a tort theory). Discuss what the outcome will be of Andy’s second action.
Im studying and need help with a Business Law question to help me learn. Andy sues Ray Motors for injuries suffered while driving a used snowmobile that Ray Motors sold him. His suit is based on breach of warranty (a contract theory) and strict products liability (a tort theory). Ray Motors moves to dismiss the contracts claim on the ground that the state long-arm statute does not authorize jurisdiction over it. The judge concludes that the long-arm statute allows the suit against Ray Motors for the tort claim but not the contract claim and thus dismisses the breach of warranty claim. The case goes to trial on the strict liability claim. After Andy presents his evidence, the trial judge grants a directed verdict for Ray Motors on the ground that Andy has not presented sufficient evidence that the snowmobile was defective. Judgment for Ray Motors is entered. Later, Andy sues Ray Motors again, for the same injuries. This time, he bases his claim in this action solely on a negligence theory. Discuss what the outcome will be of Andy’s second action.
what is a nonparametric test? What is a parametric test?
Choose two of the following three questions and post your answer:1. In your own words, what is a nonparametric test? What is a parametric test? 2. In your own words, identify an advantage of using rank correlation instead of linear correlation. 3. Which of the following terms is sometimes used instead of nonparametric test: normality test, abnormality test, distribution-free test, last testament, test of patience? Why is this term better than nonparametric test? Respond to two peers:Peer 1A parametric test is a statistical procedure based on population parameters to test hypotheses or estimate parameters. On the other hand, a non-parametric test is a statistical procedure to test hypotheses or estimate parameters, in which it is not necessary to make assumptions about the nature or shape of the population distributions (Triola, 2022). The first ones establish a good number of restrictions on the nature of the population from which the data is obtained, being the <<parameters>> the numerical values of the population. The second, also called << free distribution>>, do not require as many restrictions on the nature of the population, since they attend more to the ordering of the data than to its numerical value.Sometimes, instead of “non-parametric test” the name “distribution-free test” is used. Nonparametric tests are also called distribution-free tests because they do not require populations to have a particular distribution; for example, a normal distribution. It is better to use the term distribution free test because it is a more accurate description, because although the term nonparametric suggests that the test is not based on a parameter, there are some nonparametric tests that do depend on a parameter such as the median (Triola, 2022). However, nonparametric tests do not require a particular distribution, so the term “distribution free” better describes the characteristics of this procedure. n statistics, rank correlation has the advantage of being less sensitive to outliers and non-linear connections between variables than linear correlation. However, outliers and non-linear patterns are common in real-world data, which might skew the linear correlation value. Rank correlation can be used with paired data that are ranks or can be converted to ranks, unlike parametric methods. (Triola, 2018 pg. 678) Without making any assumptions about the nature of the relationship, rank correlation measures the degree of monotonic association between variables. It is more resistant to outliers and nonlinearities since it ranks the values of the variables rather than using their precise numerical values. The use of rank correlation can offer a more accurate indicator of association in circumstances when the relationship between variables might not be strictly linear or when the data contains outliers that may overpower the linear correlation. As a result, rank correlation is an effective tool for examining correlations in various datasets where linear assumptions might not be valid.
Write about an issue that is important to you, to your community, or to Americans in general. You will investigate the ways the government has or has not addressed your selected issue.
Government in My Community ASSIGNMENT: For this assignment, you will write about an issue that is important to you, to your community, or to Americans in general. You will investigate the ways the government has or has not addressed your selected issue. As part of your research, you will choose at least five articles from newspapers, magazines, or other online sources that highlight the government’s response to the issue. You will then identify and analyze the government’s response and provide a personal reflection on the impact. In doing so, you will deepen your engagement with course content by applying what youve learned in Units 1 and 2 about the U.S. federal system and the division of powers among and between the different layers of government. To complete the assignment, download the Government in My Community template, and follow the directions below. You will return the completed template as your Touchstone submission. Government in My Community Template Example Government in My Community Submission (PDF) Step 1: Select an issue that is important to you, to your community, or to Americans in general. Your community could be your geographical community (e.g., your neighborhood, town, or city), a community of people with shared characteristics with whom you identify, or the broader state or national community. You can choose any issue, but here are some ideas to get you started: immigration; border security; public school policy; public safety; gun rights or gun control; victim rights; student testing; school choice; abortion; access to public transportation or city services; energy, environment, conservation, or economic issues; healthcare (cost of medicines or health insurance, health care access); homelessness; the death penalty. Step 2: Find and read at least five articles from newspapers, magazines, or other online sources that highlight the government’s response to the issue. It is important that your articles do not only describe the issue or present opinions on the issue from general members of the public. Look for sources that communicate how government officials have responded or are responding to the issue. You will be asked to identify government officials by name in your articles. Ideas for sources include news articles; speeches from political candidates or current office holders; campaign ads; press releases; and data collected from non-profit organizations, among others. The website www.usa.gov can be a good starting point for learning about government responses to various issues. Other online sources for information about government policy and services could include (but are not limited to):Step 3: After completing your research and reflecting on what youve learned, fill out the Government in My Community template. You will respond to the following prompts: Step 4:
Develop a quality assurance and continuous improvement charter for a quality improvement effort that you are championing in the organization that you manage.
Instructions You will develop a quality assurance and continuous improvement charter for a quality improvement effort that you are championing in the organization that you manage. The major effort your organization is trying to address is fall incidents in healthcare facilities. The purpose of this assignment is to demonstrate your 1) competency in recognizing issues and potential failure points across a healthcare service delivery operation, and 2) ability to provide structure and process for addressing the issues and potential failure points highlighted in your organization.Ensure that the charter developed includes:Resources:Leadership by Example : Coordinating Government Roles in Improving Health Care Quality Strehlenert, H., Richter-Sundberg, L., Nystrom, M. E., & Hassan, H. (2007). Evidence-informed policy formulation and implementation: A comparative case study of two national policies for improving health and social care in Sweden. Implementation Science, 10(169), 1-10. The Healthcare Quality Book : Vision, Strategy, and Tools Read Chapter 1: Healthcare Quality and the Patient (Required)Wyszewianski, L. (2014). Basic concepts of healthcare quality. In M. S. Joshi, E. R. Ransom, D. B. Nash, & S. B. Ransom (Eds.), The healthcare quality
What can you do to reduce data storage disk failure?
A) Business case: White & Bule Sky Airport Houston TX. As an IT Manager, you were tasked to improve the performance of the local White & Bule Sky Airport Passenger Processing system. This is to make the airport more efficient and more secure. There are three databases in the Airport Passenger Processing IT system:1-Passenger database will record and authenticate each passenger in the airport2-Employee database will record and authenticate each employee in the airport3-Flight database will record each flight in the airportAnswer the airport owners questions about this IT system:QUESTION 1. At the airport, there is a risk of data storage disk failure (fire, smoke, or flood) which will also damage the disk backup in the Airport IT system data center. What can you do to reduce data storage disk failure?QUESTION 2 It was decided to move Passenger Database to the cloud. How can you provide Security for the Passenger Database on the cloud?Here you should address the questionsa) Security Devices that access the Passenger Databaseb) Security of Passenger Data -at-restc) End user security. Where the user would be accessing the Passenger Database from the airport QUESTION 3 Assume that Passenger Database is already moved on the cloud side. And the airport already has fast and reliable network connections. If the cloud service provider devices fail to operate, then the Passenger Database would be not reachable (Loss of Control). That will have a huge impact on Airport operations. What would you do to Minimize Loss of Control, so the impact would be less?B) Business Case: Blue Sky AirportBlue Sky Airport is a small regional airport that serves a population of approximately 100,000 people. The airport has three databases: a passenger database, an employee database, and a flight database. The passenger database records and authenticates each passenger who passes through the airport, the employee database records and authenticates each employee who works at the airport, and the flight database records each flight that arrives or departs from the airport.The airport’s IT system is currently on-premises. This means that the databases and database management systems are located at the airport. The airport is considering migrating its IT system to the cloud.Benefits of Migrating to the CloudThere are several benefits to migrating Blue Sky Airport’s IT system to the cloud. These benefits include:Specific Privacy RequirementsThe airport has specific privacy requirements that must be met by the cloud service provider(s). These requirements include:Answer the airport owners questions about cloud migration.Question 1: When choosing a cloud service provider, there are a number of system requirements that you should look for. What would be the System Requirements that you look for in the cloud service provider?Question 2: You should protect the airport’s data before cloud migration. How would you protect your data before cloud migration?Here, You should consider the companys specific privacy requirementsQuestion 3: What are the Budget factors of the current data center before cloud migration? What would be the impact of the cloud migration on the budget in the long term?
What male and female differences in personality have you observed and where do you think they come from (e.g., are they learned, inborn, etc.)?
WEEK 6 FORUM ASSIGNMENT
Gender Differences in Personality
This week, your forum assignment is about male and female differences in personality. What male and female differences in personality have you observed and where do you think they come from (e.g., are they learned, inborn, etc.)?
NOTE: If you believe more than one personality theory explains male/female differences, give concrete examples. Link the theory you choose solidly to the personality differences you describe to provide evidence of your thorough comprehension of your selected theory by your accurate application of it rather than just picking a theory by name and listing characteristics believed by the general public to differ between genders. You must describe how the theory you choose explains specific differences.
Karen Horney stands alone as the only women recognized as worthy of her own chapter in many personality textbooks, and the significance of her work certainly merits that honor. She did not, however, focus her entire career on the psychology of women. Horney came to believe that culture was more important than gender in determining differences between men and women. After refuting some of Freuds theories on women, Horney shifted her focus to the development of basic anxiety in children, and the lifelong interpersonal relationship styles and intrapsychic conflicts that determine our personality and our personal adjustment.
Personally, Horney was a complex woman. Jack Rubins, who knew Horney during the last few years of her life, interviewed many people who knew her and came away with conflicting views:
She was described variously as both frail and powerful, both open and reticent, both warm and reserved, both close and detached, both a leader and needing to be led, both timid and awesome, both simple and profound. From these characterizations, the impression emerges that she was not only a complex personality but changeable and constantly changing. She was able to encompass and unify, though with struggle, many diverse attitudes and traits
(pg. 13; Rubins, 1972)
Erich Fromm, who was a lay-analyst with a Ph.D. (not an M.D. like most early psychoanalysts), focused even more than Horney on social influences, particularly ones relationship with society itself. He not only knew and worked with Horney personally, but the two were intimately involved for a number of years, and Fromm analyzed Horneys daughter Marianne. Both Horney and Fromm can be seen as extending Adlers emphasis on social interest and cooperation (or the lack thereof), and their belief that individuals pursue safety and security to overcome their anxiety is similar to Adlers concept of striving for superiority.
Brief Biography of Karen Horney
Karen Clementine Theodore Danielssen was born on September 16th, 1885, in Hamburg, Germany. Her father was Norwegian by birth, but had become a German national. A successful sailor, he had become the captain of his own ship, and his family accompanied him on a few of his voyages, including trips around Cape Horn, along the west coast of South America, and as far north as San Diego in the United States. Those trips established a life-long interest in travel, foreign customs, and diversity in the young Karen Horney. Although her father was a stern and repressive man, her mother, who was Dutch and 17 years younger than Horneys father, was a dynamic, intelligent, and beautiful woman who maintained a very happy home for the children (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978).
From early childhood, Horney enjoyed reading, studying, and going to school. She was particularly interested in the novels of Karl May, who often wrote about the Native Americans, and Horney would play many games in which she pretended to be an Indian (usually, Chief Winnetou, a fictional character from Mays novels). Her father believed that education was only for men, but her mother encouraged Horneys schooling, and in doing so, set an example of independence that greatly influenced Horneys life and career. Horney followed the traditional education of the day, covering science, math, French, Latin, English, and the humanities. She also took special classes in speech, and for a time was very interested in dancing, drama, and the theatre. Despite the challenging curriculum, she was an excellent student, and often placed first in her class. After being impressed by a friendly country doctor when she was 12, she decided to pursue a career in medicine. When she began college at the University of Freiburg-in-Breisgau, at the age of 20, her mother came along to get her settled in and care for her. Horney soon became good friends with Ida Grote, who moved in with Horney and her mother to help offset the costs of attending college. In 1906, Horney also met her future husband, Oskar Horney (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978).
Over the next few years, she began her medical studies at the University of Gottingen, and then transferred to the University of Berlin, where she received her medical degree in 1911. In 1909 she had married Oskar Horney, who was described as a tall, slim, handsome man, a brilliant thinker, gifted organizer, and possessing great physical and emotional strength. He also attended the University of Berlin, eventually receiving doctorate degrees in Law, Economics, and Political Science! They soon had three daughters, Brigitte, Marianne, and Renate (between 1911 and 1915). Both Karen and Oskar Horney were successful in their careers during the beginning of their marriage. He worked as a lawyer for a munitions company, and did very well financially. She was actively developing her medical career, but had to work that much harder due to continued discrimination against women at the time. Still, the family spent time together on weekends, when her brothers family often visited, and vacations. Nonetheless, the Horneys grew apart during these years. In 1923, during the turmoil following World War I, Oskars investments collapsed, and he eventually went bankrupt. A year later, he was stricken with severe encephalomeningitis, and spent 8 months in critical condition. These events radically altered his personality, as he became a broken and depressed person. In 1926 they separated, and never got back together. It was not, however, until 1939 that Karen Horney legally divorced her husband (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978).
For Karen Horneys career, the years in Berlin were important and productive. She entered into psychoanalysis with Karl Abraham, and later she was also analyzed by Hanns Sachs for a brief time. Abraham appointed her as an instructor in the Berlin Psychoanalytic Poliklinik in 1919, and brought her to the attention of Sigmund Freud (with high praise). She came to know many of the candidates for psychoanalytic training, and also became friends with many of them, including Melanie Klein, Wilhelm Reich, and Erich Fromm. She also had many friends outside psychoanalytic circles, including the existential theologian Paul Tillich and the neurologist Kurt Goldstein (who coined the term self-actualization). The psychoanalytic scene in Berlin was active and dynamic, and Horney was very much in the middle of it all, never shy about expressing her own ideas and different opinions. One such issue was that of training lay-analysts (psychologists, as opposed to psychiatrists). She favored allowing the training for the purposes of research, but clearly favored medical training for those who would actually practice therapeutic psychoanalysis. This eventually led to conflict between Horney and her close friend Erich Fromm. Despite the many favorable circumstances in Berlin at the time, in the early 1930s Hitler was elected, and the Nazi regime began. Although Horney was not Jewish, psychoanalysis was considered a Jewish science. So, when Franz Alexander, who had been asked to come to Chicago to establish a new psychoanalytic training institute, asked her to be the Associate Director of the newly established Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis, she accepted (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978). This dramatic turn in the events of her life did not, however, occur without a bit of chance. Alexander had first asked Helene Deutsch, one of the first women to join Freuds psychoanalytic group (see Sayers, 1991), but Deutsch was not interested at the time. Thus, Horney was the second choice for the position that brought her to America for the rest of her life (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978).
Once in Chicago, however, her theoretical differences with Alexander became a clear source of disagreement. Alexander was not willing, as Horney was, to discard significant elements of Freuds original theories. So, just 2 years later, in 1934, Horney moved to New York City and joined the New York Psychoanalytic Institute. A number of her friends from Berlin had also come to New York, including Erich Fromm and Paul Tillich, and Wilhelm Reich also visited her there. She soon met Harry Stack Sullivan and Clara Thompson, as they were establishing their new training institute in New York. She also began teaching at the New School for Social Research, and the American Institute for Psychoanalysis. Her private practice grew steadily, and Alvin Johnson, the president of the New School (as it is commonly known) introduced her to W. W. Norton, who established a well-known publishing house that produced all of Horneys books. Her first book was entitled The Neurotic Personality of Our Time (1937), which was followed by perhaps her two most radical books, New Ways in Psychoanalysis (1939) and Self-Analysis (1942). Horney had pursued new techniques in psychoanalysis and self-analysis, in part, because of her dissatisfaction with her own results as both a patient and a psychoanalyst. Later, she published Our Inner Conflicts (1945), Are You Considering Psychoanalysis (1946), and Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization (1950). After her death, Harold Kelman (who was both a friend and colleague) brought together a number of her early papers in Feminine Psychology (Kelman, 1967), and, as a special tribute, Douglas Ingram published the transcripts of her final lectures, presented during a class she taught in the fall of 1952 (Ingram, 1987).
During the 1930s and 1940s, Horneys personal life was a social whirlwind. She entertained frequently, often cooking herself, and when her own home was in disarray she would arrange the party at a friends home. She bought and sold vacation homes often, including one where Oskar Horney stayed for a time, and she traveled frequently. She enjoyed playing cards, and wanted to win so much that she would sometimes cheat! When caught, she would freely admit it, laugh, and say that her opponents should have stopped her sooner. Sometimes she would even gather her friends together and loudly sing German songs, in memory of their homeland (Kelman, 1971; Rubins, 1972, 1978).
At work, however, there was constant tension regarding theoretical and political issues in the psychoanalytic societies. In 1941, the New York Psychoanalytic Institute voted to disqualify Horney as a training analyst, due to her seemingly radical ideas on psychoanalytic techniques. Half the society did not vote, however, and they soon left to form a new institute. Immediately following the vote, Horney walked out, and a group of analysts led by Clara Thompson followed her. The very same month, twenty analysts joined Horney in forming the Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, and Horney was asked to become the Dean of their soon to be established American Institute for Psychoanalysis. When Thompson suggested that Sullivan be granted honorary membership, and Horney recommended the same for Fromm, Fromm refused because he was not going to be recognized as a clinical psychoanalyst. The resulting controversy led to a committee review, which voted against Fromms membership. Among others, Fromm, Thompson, and Sullivan left the society. There were other political battles as well, and Horney was routinely torn between her professional beliefs, her need to control the direction of the society and institute, and her personal friendships with the individuals involved. Through it all, although she held strong beliefs (such as opposing therapeutic psychoanalysis by lay-analysts like Fromm), she nonetheless encouraged challenging the original theories developed by Freud, as well as her own theories:
I recall being impressed by her response at my first meeting with her, when I indicated my own curiosity and bent for research. She had warmly hoped I would continue this way, since her views needed further work and clarification. Indeed, during an interview in 1952, she stated that she knew her ideas would be changed, if not by herself by someone else. (pg. 37; Rubins, 1972)
By 1950, Horney seemed to be feeling lonely and isolated. Perhaps the political and theoretical battles had taken their toll, perhaps it was her strained relationships with her daughters (they were never really close), or perhaps it was the beginning of the cancer that would eventually take her life. Although Horney would not consult with her physician about the abdominal pains she was experiencing (thus she did not know that she had cancer), she did begin to develop strong spiritual interests. She occasionally attended Tillichs sermons at St. John the Divine Church, though she seemed more interested in the philosophical and ethical aspects of religion than the spiritual aspects. She kept a copy of Aldous Huxleys The Perennial Philosophy (1945/2004) by her bedside for over a year, reading daily on Huxleys interpretations of Eastern and Western mystics. A few years earlier she had met D. T. Suzuki, and she became particularly interested in Zen. She was especially impressed by a book he recommended entitled Zen in the Art of Archery (Herrigel, 1953; based on an article he wrote in 1936). In 1951, Suzuki led Horney on a trip to Japan, where she visited a number of Zen temples and had lengthy discussions with Zen monks. Although she seemed more interested in the practical aspects of being a student of Zen, she nonetheless endeavored to put Zen principles into a context she could understand (such as equating enlightenment with self-realization; Rubins, 1972, 1978). Late in 1952, her cancer became so advanced that she finally sought medical care. However, it was too late. On December 4, 1952, she died peacefully, surrounded by daughters.
Placing Horney in Context: Culture and the Female Psyche
Karen Horneys career intersected many areas of psychology, relevant both to the past and to the future. One of the first women trained in psychoanalysis, she was the first to challenge Freuds views on women. She did not, however, attempt to reject his influence, but rather, felt that she honored him by building upon his achievements. The most significant change that she felt needed to be made was a shift away from the biological/medical model of Freud to one in which cultural factors were at least as important. Indeed, she challenged Freuds fundamental belief that anxiety follows biological impulses, and instead suggested that our behaviors adapt themselves to a fundamental anxiety associated with the simple desire for survival and to cultural determinants of abnormal, anxiety-provoking situations.
Horney was also significant in the development of psychodynamic theory and psychoanalysis in America. She helped to establish psychoanalytic societies and training institutes in Chicago and New York. She was a friend and colleague to many influential psychoanalysts, including Harry Stack Sullivan and Erich Fromm. She encouraged cross-cultural research and practice through her own example, not only citing the work of anthropologists and sociologists, but also through her personal interest and support for the study of Zen Buddhism.
Although Horney herself abandoned the study of feminine psychology, suggesting instead that it represented the cultural effect of women being an oppressed minority group, her subsequent emphasis on the importance of relationships and interpersonal psychodynamic processes laid the foundation for later theories on the psychology of women (such as the relational-cultural model). Thus, her influence is still being felt quite strongly today.
Horney’s Shifting Perspectives on Psychodynamic Theory
Horney did not establish a specific theory of personality. Rather, her career proceeded through a series of stages in which she addressed the issues that were of particular concern to her at the time. Accordingly, her theories can be grouped into three stages: feminine psychology, culture and disturbed human relationships, and finally, the mature theory in which she focused on the distinction between interpersonal and intrapsychic defenses (Paris, 1994).
Feminine Psychology
Horney was neither the first, nor the only, significant woman in the early days of psychodynamic theory and psychoanalysis. However, women such as Helene Deutsch, Marie Bonaparte, Anna Freud, and Melanie Klein remained faithful to Freuds basic theories. In contrast, Horney directly challenged Freuds theories, and offered her own alternatives. In doing so, she offered a very different perspective on the psychology of women and personality development in girls and women. Her papers have been collected and published in Feminine Psychology by her friend and colleague Harold Kelman (1967), and an excellent overview of their content can be found in the biography written by Rubins (1978).
In her first two papers, On the Genesis of the Castration Complex in Women (Horney, 1923/1967) and The Flight from Womanhood (Horney, 1926/1967), Horney challenged the Freudian perspective on the psychological development of females. Although she acknowledged Freuds pioneering theories, even as they applied to women, she believed that they suffered from a male perspective, and that the men who originally offered these theories simply did not understand the feminine perspective. Horney agreed that girls develop penis envy, but not that it is the only dynamic force influencing development during the phallic stage. Girls envy the ability of boys to urinate standing up, the fact that boys can see their genitals, and the relative ease with which boys can satisfy their desire for masturbation. More important for girls than penis envy, however, was the fear and anxiety young girls experience with regard to vaginal injury were they to actually have intercourse with their fathers (which, Horney agreed, they may fantasize). Thus, they experience a unique dynamic force called female genital anxiety. Another element of the castration complex in women, according to Horney, was the consequence of castration fantasies that she called wounded womanhood (incorporating the belief that the girl had been castrated).
Far more important than these basic processes, however, was the male bias inherent in society and culture. The very name phallic stage implies that only someone with a phallus (penis) can achieve sexual satisfaction and healthy personality development. Girls are repeatedly made to feel inferior to boys, feminine values are considered inferior to masculine values, even motherhood is considered a burden for women to bear (according to the Bible, the pain of childbirth is a curse from God!). In addition, male-dominated societies do not provide women with adequate outlets for their creative drives. As a result, many women develop a masculinity complex, involving feelings of revenge against men and the rejection of their own feminine traits. Thus, it may be true that women are more likely to suffer from anxiety and other psychological disorders, but this is not due to an inherent inferiority as proposed by Freud. Rather, women find it difficult in a patriarchal society to fulfill their personal development in accordance with their individual personality (unless they naturally happen to fit into societys expectations).
Perhaps the most curious aspect of these early studies was the fact that Horney turned the tables on Freud and his concept of penis envy. The females biological role in childbirth is vastly superior (if that is a proper term) to that of the male. Horney noted that many boys express an intense envy of pregnancy and motherhood. If this so-called womb envy is the male counterpart of penis envy, which is the greater problem? Horney suggests that the apparently greater need of men to depreciate women is a reflection of their unconscious feelings of inferiority, due to the very limited role they play in childbirth and the raising of children (particularly breast-feeding infants, which they cannot do). In addition, the powerful creative drives and excessive ambition that are characteristic of many men can be viewed, according to Horney, as overcompensation for their limited role in parenting. Thus, as wonderful and intimate as motherhood may be, it can be a burden in the sense that the men who dominate society have turned it against women. This is, of course, an illogical state of affairs, since the children being born and raised by women are also the children of the very men who then feel inferior and psychologically threatened.
In a later paper, Horney (1932/1967) carried these ideas a step further. She suggested that, during the Oedipus stage, boys naturally judge the size of their penis as inadequate sexually with regard to their mother. They dread this inadequacy, which leads to anxiety and fear of rejection. This proves to be quite frustrating, and in accordance with the frustration-aggression hypothesis, the boy becomes angry and aggressive toward his mother. For men who are unable to overcome this issue, their adult sexual life becomes an ongoing effort to conquer and possess as many women as possible (a narcissistic overcompensation for their feelings of inadequacy). Unfortunately, according to Horney, these men become very upset with any woman who then expects a long-term or meaningful relationship, since that would require him to then prove his manhood in other, non-sexual ways.
For women, one of the most significant problems that results from these development processes is a desperate need to be in a relationship with a man, which Horney addressed in two of her last papers on feminine psychology: The Overvaluation of Love (1934/1967) and The Neurotic Need for Love (1937/1967). She recognized in many of her patients an obsession with having a relationship with a man, so much so that all other aspects of life seem unimportant. While others had considered this an inherent characteristic of women, Horney insisted that characteristics such as this overvaluation of love always include a significant portion of tradition and culture. Thus, it is not an inherent need in women, but one that has accompanied the patriarchal societys demeaning of women, leading to low self-esteem that can only be overcome within society by becoming a wife and mother. Indeed, Horney found that many women suffer an intense fear of not being normal. Unfortunately, as noted above, the men these women are seeking relationships with are themselves seeking to avoid long-term relationships (due to their own insecurities). This results in an intense and destructive attitude of rivalry between women (at least, those women caught up in this neurotic need for love). When a woman loses a man to another woman, which may happen again and again, the situation can lead to depression, permanent feelings of insecurity with regard to feminine self-esteem, and profound anger toward other women. If these feelings are repressed, and remain primarily unconscious, the effect is that the woman searches within her own personality for answers to her failure to maintain the coveted relationship with a man. She may feel shame, believe that she is ugly, or imagine that she has some physical defect. Horney described the potential intensity of these feelings as self-tormenting.
In 1935, just a few years after coming to America, Horney rather abruptly stopped studying the psychology of women (though her last paper on the subject was not published until 1937). Bernard Paris found the transcript of a talk that Horney had delivered that year to the National Federation of Professional and Business Womens Clubs, which provided her reasoning for this change in her professional direction (see Paris, 1994). First, Horney suggested that women should be suspicious of any general interest in feminine psychology, since it usually represents an effort by men to keep women in their subservient position. In order to avoid competition, men praise the values of being a loving wife and mother. When women accept these same values, they themselves begin to demean any other pursuits in life. They become a teacher because they consider themselves unattractive to men, or they go into business because they arent feminine and lack sex appeal (Horney, cited in Paris, 1994). The emphasis on attracting men and having children leads to a cult of beauty and charm, and the overvaluation of love. The consequence of this tragic situation is that as women become mature, they become more anxious due to their fear of displeasing men:
The young woman feels a temporary security because of her ability to attract men, but mature women can hardly hope to escape being devalued even in their own eyes. And this feeling of inferiority robs them of the strength for action which rightly belongs to maturity.
Inferiority feelings are the most common evil of our time and our culture. To be sure we do not die of them, but I think they are nevertheless more disastrous to happiness and progress than cancer or tuberculosis. (pg. 236; Horney cited in Paris, 1994)
The key to the preceding quote is Horneys reference to culture. Having been in America for a few years at this point, she was already questioning the difference between the greater opportunities for women in America than in Europe (though the difference was merely relative). She also emphasized that when women are demeaned by society, this had negative consequences on men and children. Thus, she wanted to break away from any perspective that led to challenges between men and women:
First of all we need to understand that there are no unalterable qualities of inferiority of our sex due to laws of God or of nature. Our limitations are, for the greater part, culturally and socially conditioned. Men who have lived under the same conditions for a long time have developed similar attitudes and shortcomings.
Once and for all we should stop bothering about what is feminine and what is not. Such concerns only undermine our energies
In the meantime what we can do is to work together for the full development of the human personalities of all for the sake of general welfare. (pg. 238; Horney cited in Paris, 1994)
In her final paper on feminine psychology, Horney (1937/1967) concludes her discussion of the neurotic need for love with a general discussion of the relationship between anxiety and the need for love. Of course, this is true for both boys and girls. This conclusion provided a clear transition from Horneys study of the psychology of women to her more general perspectives on human development, beginning with the childs need for security and the anxiety that arises when that security seems threatened.
Discussion Question: After a number of years studying feminine psychology, Horney came to believe that women are no different than any other minority group, and she began to pursue different directions in her career. Are the problems faced by women different than other minority groups? If so, how are they different?
Anxiety and Culture
In the introduction to The Neurotic Personality of Our Time, Horney (1937) makes three important points. First, she acknowledged that neuroses have their roots in childhood experiences, but she also considered the experiences of adulthood to be equally important. Second, she believed that neuroses can only develop within a cultural context. They may stem from individual experience, but their form and expression are intimately tied to ones cultural setting. And finally, she emphasized that she was not rejecting Freuds basic theory. Though she disagreed with many of his ideas, she considered it an honor to build upon the foundation of his gigantic achievements. To do so, she wrote, helps to avoid the danger of stagnation. If any more evidence than her word was necessary to demonstrate her loyalty to Freud, in this introduction we also find mention of Alfred Adler. Although Horney acknowledges some similarities with Adlers perspective, she insists that her ideas are grounded in Freudian theory, and she describes Adlers work as having become sterile and one-sided.
Horney believed that anxiety was a natural state of all living things, something the German philosophers had called Angst der Kreatur (anxiety of the creature), a feeling that one is helpless against such forces as illness, old age, and death. We first experience this anxiety as infants, and it remains with us throughout life. It does not, however, lead to neurotic anxiety. But if a child is not cared for, if their anxiety is not alleviated by the protection of their parents, the child may develop basic anxiety:
The condition that is fostered
is an insidiously increasing, all-pervading feeling of being lonely and helpless in a hostile world
This attitude as such does not constitute a neurosis but it is the nutritive soil out of which a definite neurosis may develop at any time. (pg. 89; Horney, 1937)
Thus, in contrast to Freuds belief that anxiety followed the threat of id impulses breaking free of the unconscious mind, Horney places anxiety before behavior. The child, through interactions with other people (particularly the parents), strives to alleviate its anxiety. If the child does not find support, then basic anxiety develops, and neurotic disorders become a distinct possibility. From that point forward, the childs drives and impulses are motivated by anxiety, rather than being the cause of anxiety as proposed by Freud. Basic anxiety is considered basic for two reasons, one of which is that it is the source of neuroses. The other reason is that it arises out of early, but disturbed, relationships with the parents. This leads to feelings of hostility toward the parents, and Horney considered there to be a very close connection between anxiety and hostility. And yet, the child remains dependent on the parents, so it must not exhibit that hostility. This creates a vicious circle in which more anxiety is experienced, followed by more hostility, etc. Unresolved, these psychological processes leave the child feeling not only basic anxiety, but also basic hostility (Horney, 1937; May, 1977). In order to deal with this basic anxiety and basic hostility, Horney proposed both interpersonal and intrapsychic strategies of defense (which we will examine in the next two sections). First, however, lets take a brief, closer look at Horneys views on culture and anxiety.
A neurotic individual, simply put, is someone whose anxiety levels and behavior are significantly different than normal. What is normal, of course, can only be defined within a cultural context. Horney cited a number of famous anthropologists and sociologists to support this claim, including Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. She cites H. Scudder Mekeels somewhat famous example of Native Americans having high regard for individuals who have visions and hallucinations, since those visions are considered to be special gifts, indeed blessings, from the spirits. This is in sharp contrast to the standard Western view, which considers hallucinations to be a symptom of psychosis. And yet, Native Americans are not fundamentally different than Westerners. Only one year after Horneys book was published, Mekeel led Erik Erikson on the first of Eriksons studies of Native American development, which led Erikson to conclude that his stages of psychosocial crisis were valid, since they seemed to apply to Europ
Analyze access controls used to secure information systems (IS).
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Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Analyze access controls used to secure information systems (IS).
1.1 Assess the effectiveness of an intrusion detection system (IDS).
1.2 Explain the use of a firewall.
4. Evaluate the use of auditing tools.
4.1 Identify information that can be discovered during an IS audit.
4.2 Discuss common types and uses of auditing tools.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 6: Firewalls
In order to access the following resource, click the link below. You can access the transcript for the video by
clicking on the three dots below the video on the right, then clicking Open transcript.
Professor Messer. (2021). Firewalls – SY0-601 CompTIA Security+ : 3.3 [Video]. YouTube.
Unit Lesson
Firewall Security
In our last lesson, we covered the transmission of data across the organization. As we found, these are
constant transactions associated with each functional area of an organization. There is a test for incoming
packets with firewalls known as the pass/deny decision. If the packet is a provable attack packet, the firewall
will drop it, but it will be allowed to pass if it is a good packet. This summary is, of course, a very simplified
rendition of a very nuanced process with many moving parts.
For security, it is important that outgoing as well as incoming packets must be filtered. Why? Well, lets
consider the possibility that something malicious has infiltrated the packets. We would not want that malicious
code to be passed along to its intended destination. This is known as ingress and egress filtering.
Because a firewall will allow any packets to be passed along that are not considered provable attack packets,
some malicious code may get through occasionally. Therefore, we need to harden the targets, or make them
less attractive by making them more difficult to access. Essentially, hardening refers to layered measures that
tighten security. Networks, systems, firewalls, and hardware can all be hardened in various ways.
UNIT V STUDY GUIDE
Firewalls
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Firewalls provide protection for data on systems and computers, and they make it more difficult for
hackers to access the data or insert malware into computers. Scanning, such as is being done by
the man in the photo above, is one way of ensuring that malware does not make it into your
computer and cause issues with your data.
(Rawpixelimages, n.d.)
Firewall Overload
Earlier in the course, we reviewed denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. As we found, this is the time when
the network becomes overloaded due to outside attacks, which can halt operations. You can imagine
that the system and network are in good shape on Sunday, then employees start complaining on Monday
that database errors are displaying when they are trying to open a form. It then gets worse, to the point
users can no longer log in to the system. At this time, the network and database have reached capacity
and are overloaded.
This raises an interesting problem related to the concept of firewall capacity. A company must carefully
consider how much firewall capacity they will require, with an eye toward inevitable increases in traffic as the
firm grows. In addition to normal traffic, firewall administrators will discover new threats and develop new
filtering rules as time passes. Processing work per packet will be increased due to these additional rules.
Further, attacks will increase traffic, and the firewall must be able to accommodate the surge without
becoming overwhelmed.
It should be clear already that firewall issues must be carefully managed. It is a mistake to solely focus
on any one area at the expense of the others because that can lead to weaknesses in areas that have
been neglected.
Firewall Filtering Methods
Filtering is a blanket term for a variety of different methods of examining packets. The textbook discusses the
most common filtering methods:
stateful packet inspection filtering,
static packet filtering,
network address translation,
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application proxy filtering,
intrusion prevention system filtering, and
antivirus filtering.
While we will discuss some of these methods in the remainder of this lesson, it is important to read Chapter 6
in your textbook to understand all of these filtering methods in detail.
Also keep in mind that, while almost all main border firewalls use stateful packet inspection (SPI) as their
primary inspection mechanism, some of the other filtering mechanisms featured in the chapter reading are
used as supplements (Boyle & Panko, 2021).
The most common filtering mechanism used by main border firewalls in modern corporations is stateful
packet inspection (SPI). Whereas other filtering mechanisms may look at a single packet and try to diagnose
if it is a bad packet, SPI will look at the state of the connection as a whole. Lets think of it as a constant
conversation between two computers utilizing a program.
Connections are in one of the various states, such as opening or ongoing communications states, at any
given time. The firewall will examine the connection and respective states to determine which application
is sending the packet, what the packet is attempting to accomplish, and which rules may be implicated by
the interaction.
Some packets try to open a connection, while others attempt to use an approved connection. There are many
different conditions and firewall rules which need to be met that will determine if the packet is okay to be
transmitted or not. Many of these conditions are covered in Chapter 6 of your textbook, which is this units
required reading.
Access Control List (ACL)
Another important concept in firewall security is the ACL. The default behavior of SPI firewalls will protect the
system during connection-opening attempts, yet there will always be some exceptions to the rule where
default behavior must be superseded. This is where the ACL will come into play.
For example, some website monitoring software has blacklists and whitelists. Blacklists will automatically
block a website, while whitelists will automatically allow a website through. For instance, your company may
block (blacklist) all Internet Protocol (IP) addresses that are based in China. However, you may want to
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evaluate the software of a company based in China. If so, the software company gives you an IP address that
you need to connect to in order to download their software. The network administrator can add the specific IP
address to the whitelist. Most organizations have an approval process for adding an IP address to the
whitelist. Many times, the approval is only temporary.
Along this same line, ACLs have rules that are exceptions to normal firewall rules. As an example, your
general rule may be to deny external connection-opening requests. The ACL may provide a rule that the
connection will be allowed if a specific port is involved.
Network Address Translation (NAT)
The filtering methods we are looking at in this unit all have a different way of making the pass/deny decision
for packets they encounter. In contrast, the NAT method does not actually filter packets, yet it still provides
good protectionusually as a secondary source.
NAT provides another layer of protection where attackers attempt to gather information about a corporate
network. Many times, this gathering expedition uses a tool known as a sniffer. The sniffer is placed outside of
a corporate network and attempts to gather IP addresses and port information. After gaining this information,
the attacker can send attack packets to those addresses and numbers. One benefit of using NAT is its ability
to hide an internal networks IP address and network design, which reduces the risk of outsiders gaining that
information and using it to access the network (Dubrawski, 2010). The graphic below shows a systematic
approach to gather the IP address, map the IP address, and then translate the group of devices.
(Yangliy, 2009)
NAT works by replacing the port information and IP addresses with bogus information. While that may sound
satisfying enough, it brings up a questionhow will a returning response packet know where to go? The
answer is that NAT has a translation table, so the original information and bogus information are stored there.
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)
Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) and intrusion prevention systems (IPSs) are very important tools for the
information technology (IT) network security administrator. An IDS will monitor network trafficor packets
looking for anything suspicious. This is important because, as we discussed, firewalls will only stop provable
attack packets. Logging suspicious activities that get past the firewall is a good way to provide some
additional security. Security professionals can configure activity that is serious enough to prompt an alert to
someone. These rules can be adjusted as needed.
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Graphic depiction of a host-based intrusion detection system
(adapted from Rkouere, 2016)
The figure above shows the network of the internet, firewall, and devices. The IDS will monitor the
transactions that flow past the firewall and notify the IT group of suspicious activity.
So, what is the difference between a firewall and an IDS? A firewall will drop a packet that is deemed to be an
attack packet. An IDS identifies suspicious packets. They may or may not be actual attack packets. Firewalls
have logs as well, but an IDS is a more developed tool.
One problem for an IDS is that there is a lot of information coming across the network. As a security
professional, you want the right amount of informationnot too much or too little. Secondly, an IDS can
generate a lot of false positives, and security personnel may start to tune them out after a while. Furthermore,
an IDS can be labor-intensive in terms of processing. Multiple tools monitoring your networks and systems
can result in latency and lag.
IPS filtering is an extension of the IDS tools. An advantage of IPS is that it will actually stop some attacks,
rather than just generating alarms. The IPS acts like a firewall in that it will drop attack packets. The IPS
will also limit suspicious traffic; this way, DoS attacks are less likely to occur. Different packages have
different capabilities.
Some IPS tools can block certain logins under certain conditions. In other words, a login may have to wait a
certain amount of time before it can attempt to log in again. This is effective because thieves generally look
for easy targets. Give them too much grief, and they will go elsewhere. It is also helpful to note that there are
many different types of firewall architectures and ways to set up firewalls. The choice really depends on your
business and its needs.
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Demilitarized Zones (DMZ)
A popular tactic is to set up a DMZ, which is a subnet that houses all of your outwardly facing servers.
Outwardly facing means that they must be accessed externally.
Part of firewall management involves strategically planning how to configure your firewall so that it meets the
needs of your business and your systems. Sufficient policies have to be developed to guide an adequate
security implementation. A good security policy might be to require that any external HTTP connections have
to go through the DMZ.
Adapted from DMZ Network Diagram, by S. Viento, 2007, Wikimedia Commons
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DMZ_network_diagram_2.png). In public domain.
As you can see in the figure above, internet traffic is transferred from the internet and email transactions to
the firewall to be relayed to the internal computers and devices. Therefore, it is extremely important to have a
secured and up-to-date firewall configuration because of these entry points.
Wrapping Up
Firewalls guard site networks and can be utilized to provide a great deal of protection. While they traditionally
provided ingress filtering to stop attack packets, they also provided egress filtering to prevent outgoing
attacks. Many filtering mechanisms are utilized when setting up a firewall, such as SPI, ACLs, NAT, IDSs, and
IPSs, each of which has different capabilities. Businesses setting up firewall security need to assess their
systems and what will best protect it from attacks.
References
Boyle, R. J., & Panko, R. R. (2021). Corporate computer security (5th ed.). Pearson.
https://online.vitalsource.com/#/books/9780135823354
Dubrawsky, I. (2010). Networking. In C. Walls (Ed.), Embedded software (2nd ed., pp. 287335).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124158221000088
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Rawpixelimages. (n.d.). Data file protection firewall malware removal concept (ID 79513723 ) [Photograph].
Dreamstime. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-data-file-protection-firewall-malware-removal-
concept-people-using-image79513723
Rkouere. (2016, January 5). Host based intrusion detection system [Graphic]. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Host_based_intrusion_detection_system.png
Viento, S. (2007). DMZ network diagram 2 [Graphic]. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DMZ_network_diagram_2.png
Yangliy. (2009, May 1). Network address translation (file 2) [Graphic]. Wikimedia Commons.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Network_Address_Translation_(file2).jpg
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V
Required Unit Resources
Unit Lesson
Firewall Security
Firewall Overload
Firewall Filtering Methods
Access Control List (ACL)
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS)
Demilitarized Zones (DMZ)
Wrapping Up
References
