Where to draw the lines to all the other regulations that provide for product safety of compound products that include AI?
Abstract
In this project we are talking about the artificial intelligence and blockchain which are referred as emerging technologies. We look at how those technologies affect current and upcoming cyber policies and laws from the perspective of three countries, which are: UAE, USA, and EU. Moreover, we consider how these three countries provide the support for the regulation of those emerging technologies. Apart from that in this project we mention how national regulations comply to a framework of public international law, and how could they be adoptive with other regulations. We also considered the role of private sector and what effects do these regulations on emerging technologies make on social and human rights. All of the mentioned points above were considered from the finance field perspective.
Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a modern technology that is capable of simulating human intelligence and learning process. There are hundreds of different areas where AI can be and is already being applied. The reason of why this is such a popular technology is unlimited possibilities that can be implemented with AI. This is a very fast growing technology and as it develops, policies and laws about this technology should be also up to date. This is creating a challenge for courts and legislators, for they have to adapt laws and have a clear picture of what could be a potential violations and misusing cases of this technology. Apart from AI, there is also one more technology to be considered which is called blockchain, which in simple words stands for a distributed ledger and provides a great assurance of integrity of data stored in each block. Blockchain deals with finance information and related to the cryptocurrency, which is also viral nowadays. Some old fashioned laws cannot be applied for crimes related to the cases that involve the presence of one of those emerging technologies. We are going to look at what support USA, EU, and UAE can provide for regulating these technologies and later on make our own observations and recommendations about emerging technologies and policies and laws for them.
EU
Concerning the development of AI and blockchain technologies, European Union is looking forward to these technologies to take their place in the digital world. However, with the development of these technologies, there is a need for new regulations on them. European Union effectively estimates the changes that these technologies will bring to the finance field especially blockchain technology. Nevertheless, there is a challenge that the EU’s commission has to face, which is a balance between support of technology and business innovation, and the security of individuals. European Union is supporting the idea of developing these technologies, yet they are also taking into consideration the way of conducting these developments. For example, the stated priority for their commission is “to ensure that the EU financial services regulatory framework should be innovation-friendly and should not pose obstacles to the application of new technologies” (Cryptoassets and artificial intelligence in EU regulation). Therefore, the EU has taken all the risks into account and legislators issued regulations in the field of cyberspace and data digitalization. These regulations are:
the implementation into national laws of the EU Directives on Digital Content as well on Modernization of Consumer Protection – the former addressing B2C contracts for the supply of digital goods and services, and the latter invigorating consumer rights in e-commerce;
the consultation on the Digital Services Act as well as on the Digital Market Act, both of which are intended to provide an up-to-date framework for the operation of internet platforms and to replace the 20-year-old, veteran e-Commerce Directive;
the presentation of a Data Governance Act as part of the Commission’s European Strategy for Data – intending to create a uniform ecosystem for the handling of all personal and non-personal data;
the adoption of a Cyber Security Strategy that sets the framework for the protection of EU citizens and businesses against cyber threats and that promotes information systems that are both, open and secure;
the propagation of industry-specific initiatives, such as the draft Regulation on Digital Operational Resilience for the Financial Services Sector that aims to bolster trust in the technology systems of financial service providers and has proposed that significant providers of those systems come within the ambit of the financial services regulators.
In general, European Union is aware of the pace of development of these technologies. Since AI and blockchain are already in use, they demand that legislators be educated about the impact on the financial field that is made by these technologies before attempting to develop a comprehensive legal framework.
One of the drafts on Regulation on Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA), which was written on 24 September 2020, tackles the question of the impact on the financial market by emerging technologies (Cryptoassets and artificial intelligence in EU regulation). This draft includes the risk assessment that is brought by emerging technologies created for the digital market and recommendations that state the importance of preserving consistency with other policies. Some of the questions that were raised in that proposal include:
Is it really appropriate to take all crypto assets that qualify as either financial instruments or e-money under existing EU legislation out of MiCA’s scope of application? Does MiCA’s subsidiary nature correspond to the specific and somewhat unique legal challenges that are common to all blockchain-based assets?
Is there an over-regulation for crypto asset service providers, making it unattractive to operate these activities in the EU? Will that create a competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis those countries that take a more flexible approach?
Is the balance right between the detail of regulation for some tokens, such as stable coins, on the one side and some other tokens that are hardly specified at all, such as currency or non-fungible tokens?
That indicates the perspective of the European Union, which states the priority of security of citizens and at the same time encouragement of safe approach towards improving the current regulations on the digital market regarding blockchain.
Considering the AI, there is another proposal “Laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence and amending certain union legislative acts”, written on 21 April 2021, which covers all AI that make an impact on the EU (Cryptoassets and artificial intelligence in EU regulation). This proposal prohibits some types of AI that deal with biometric recognitions and qualifies them as “high-risk AI”. Some of the questions raised in that proposal:
Are the comprehensive obligations imposed on AI providers putting European business at a competitive disadvantage in comparison to those in all other regions – none of which provides for such a set of stringent and comprehensive requirements?
Is there an under-regulation with regard to most pressing legal question relating to AI: who is responsible if something goes wrong? How should an adequate liability scheme look like?
Where to draw the lines to all the other regulations that provide for product safety of compound products that include AI?
Does the wide geographic application make sense? Does it create a workable framework to enforce the wide-ranging obligations under the Regulation?
European Union has established its position regarding emerging technologies and their impact on laws and legislators. The main priority remains the security of the citizens and reasonable approaches towards new amendments on laws regarding AI and blockchain technologies.
What are the most important things you have discovered about the company in your analysis?
For the final project, you will be expected to locate the financial statements of a publicly-traded company and perform a full analysis of those statements using all the concepts you have learned in the course.
Formatting and length guidelines:
You should use APA (American Psychological Association) guidelines for formatting the title page (make sure you give your paper a meaningful title like “Financial Analysis of XYZ company”), references, in-text citations, and subheads. Some (free) helpful sites on how to do APA style citations are on the PBSC library website.Links to an external site.
Your completed paper should be a minimum of 12 pages long, plus a title page, a list of references, and an Appendix as needed. Each section of the paper should be to a minimum of 2.5 pages.
You should use MS Word format, double-spacing, 1-inch margins all the way around, page numbers on every page except for the title page, and 12 point Times New Roman font.
Correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation are expected. You are also expected to write formally at a collegiate level.
Research guidelines:
Go to Yahoo FinanceLinks to an external site.. The instructions that follow refer to how to locate the information in Yahoo, but you may choose to use Hoover’s through the PBSC library website (if you are unsure how to locate and search within Hoover’s, please contact library support from the library website) or obtain the financials directly from the company.
Search for the company you wish to analyze. If you choose a publicly traded company, their financials will be listed in Yahoo Finance and Hoover’s. If you choose a private company, you must obtain their financials directly from them and submit the financials as appendices to your final project.
On the bottom left-hand corner of the company’s page on Yahoo Finance is a section called “Financials.” There should be three links — Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow. If the company you picked does not have one of those or does not have three years’ worth of data for each of those, then pick another company.
You should have at least four sources other than the textbooks in the class. These sources can be websites, newspaper or journal articles, or books. Don’t forget to cite the source of your financials (Yahoo Finance or otherwise). You may use any legitimate source (i.e., National Enquirer, Wikipedia is not acceptable, but NY Times is).
Writing guidelines:
Throughout the term, you have submitted portions of the final project and received feedback from your instructor. Before you use those sections for the final paper, review the feedback carefully and edit the sections to incorporate the feedback before using them in your final paper. Your paper should have the following sections using the subheads indicated below. Each section should be a minimum of 2.5 pages plus the reference and cover pages:
Introduction: In this section, introduce the company you have selected and include basic background information about the size and type of company, locations, and products.
Ratio Analysis: In this section, you will complete the Ratios Analysis of the company you chose, based on the commonly used ratios, as found in the textbook: Chapter 4 Summary of Key Equations pages 4-34 to 4-35. Use Equations 4-1 to 4-19. Do not include the Market Ratios.
After calculating the ratios, describe each category (Liquidity, Efficiency, Leverage, and Profitability) and comment on what each is measuring and what the result of your calculations is telling you about how the company has performed. Compare and comment on how the company generally performed when compared to the industry within which it operates. The Industry Ratios can be found here: https://www.readyratios.com/sec/Links to an external site.
Income Statement Analysis: In this section, answer the following for the trend analysis: What are the total revenue, total costs of revenue, and net income for each year? How have these numbers changed over the three years, and what could be some reasons why these numbers have changed the way they have? In addition, pick at least one appropriate (for this statement) ratio or financial in addition to what is provided and calculate that and explain it. (Refer to the ratios your previously calculated.)
Balance Sheet Analysis: In this section, answer the following for the trend analysis: What are the total assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity for each year? How have these numbers changed over the three years, and what could be some reasons why these numbers have changed the way they have? In addition, pick at least one appropriate (for this statement) ratio or financial in addition to what is provided and calculate that and explain it. (Refer to the ratios your previously calculated.)
Cash Flow Analysis: In this section, answer the following for the trend analysis: What are the total cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities as well as the change in cash and cash equivalents for each year? How have these numbers changed over the three years, and what could be some reasons why these numbers have changed the way they have? In addition, pick at least one appropriate (for this statement) ratio or financial in addition to what is provided and calculate that and explain it. (Refer to the ratios your previously calculated.)
Conclusion: In this section, among other things, answer the following: What are the most important things you have discovered about the company in your analysis? What are some of the conclusions you reached? What are the highlights of your paper? What recommendations would you make to the management of the company? What recommendations would you make to shareholders in the company?
What is the relationship between the content addressed in “Greening the Ghetto” and Followership?
Followership Prompt:
Majora Carter is an urbanist, committed to environmental justice. Watch her TED Talk “Greening the Ghetto (Links to an external site.)” where she explains how race and class are associated with environmental justice.
How is Carter committed to the growth of people, to building community, and to stewardship?
How does her story about the found dog support her concept of leadership?
In addition, Carter uses two metaphors to describe herself—as “a canary in the coal mine,” and as living “in between two worlds.” How might these metaphors apply to other community builders as well?
Do you consider Bogota, Colombia’s mayor a servant leader?
What happened in Bogota when citizens saw they were being “served first”?
What is the relationship between the content addressed in “Greening the Ghetto” and Followership? Remember to use information from your textbook to support your answer.
What factors do you think are influencing the supply and demand of the product/good/service that is the subject of your article?
This posting should be a minimum of one short paragraph and a maximum of two paragraphs. Word totals for this post should be in the 100–200-word range. Whether you agree or disagree, explain why with supporting evidence and concepts from the readings or a related experience. Include a reference, link, or citation when appropriate.
Scenario
According to a recent article in Forbes Magazine, “The demand for additional battery life is so large Pokémon GO is already having an impact on the sales of external batteries and phone cases with extra battery capacity.” Popular portable battery makers told Forbes that the sales of certain products have grown significantly, up to double or triple just in Pokémon GO’s first week in the United States. On a less technological front, coffee prices are up by 13 percent due to increased demand, and the supply of Corvettes is not sufficient to meet the current demand. All of these statements come from headlines from the past three months, indicating that the laws of supply and demand impact everything from your phone to your car to MY coffee. This is the basis for our discussion this week!
For Discussion – CLEANING SERVICES
US Professional Cleaning Services Markets 2021-2026 – Increased Demand for Green Cleaning Services / Outbreak of COVID-19 Pandemic / Rise of Robotic and Automated Cleaners :
Cleaning service business booming as COVID-19 restrictions drop: https://wgem.com/2021/05/17/cleaning-service-business-booming-as-covid-19-restrictions-drop/
Choose an article on a topic (product/good/service) that affects your daily life.
For example, I found an article in the Chicago Tribune about coffee prices.
Briefly tell us what your article is about.
My article reported that although coffee prices are high, the price being paid to the coffee producers in Brazil has remained constant.
Which aspect of the article’s discussion affects your daily life?
Coffee growers are threatening to cut production in order to force the prices higher. This means that my $6 cup of coffee at Starbucks could become even more expensive.
What factors do you think are influencing the supply and demand of the product/good/service that is the subject of your article?
Americans have been conditioned by marketing to agree to pay $5 for a cup of coffee, so there is no reason for retailers to charge less.
Include the URL of the Web site where you found the article, so your classmates can access it.
Coffee Prices to Rise Again
Prepare a comparative table of seven major features of politics related to two different countries of your choosing (other than the United States)
Introduction to Comparative Politics, Dr. Tom Inglot, FALL 2021, online.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT –
Please prepare your homework assignment according to the instructions listed below. The report should be saved in a Word document (singed with your full name in the file name), two pages in total, 12 point font, stapled, and with your name on top of the front page. It should also provide a list of sources used in your research (a minimum of 10 sources are required). Upload this homework under “Assignments” – “Comparative Research Exercise, POL 241.”You should treat this assignment seriously as a part of your course evaluation (participation grade) and a personalized handout that you will use later for your class presentation and discussions.
Prepare a comparative table of seven major features of politics related to two different countries of your choosing (other than the United States). Use the following example as a guide. Please select two countries of comparable size and avoid stark contrasts such as for example Malta and China or North Korea and Great Britain, and so on. You can use this document template for your homework but if you do so – delete my instructions (the same applies to the bibliography – do not copy the instructions or the highlighted text – this is for your information only).
Comparative feature (category)
COUNTRY A
COUNTRY B
Type of Government/Political System
Western liberal democracy
Non-western political system, non-democracy (dictatorship)
Chief executive
Prime Minister (Walter Roth)
President (Jacques Curtis)
Legislature (Parliament, Assembly)
Two houses of parliament
Lower House – Diet (local name) – 455 members, elected by the people.
Upper House – Senate- 100 members, not elected.
Single house of parliament – Lower house – not elected by the people and the seats are exclusively reserved for the party of the president.
Political Parties (list the major parties only – up to four in total).
Two major parties – Socialists and Rightists (Socialistas, Christian Front – local names).
One major party – Unity Party (Partia Unitad – local name). Other parties exist but they do not have real power.
Last elections
They held parliamentary elections, in June 2015, won by the Socialists. The country does not have presidential elections.
They held non-competitive presidential elections in May 2017, (won for the second time by the incumbent, president Jacques Curtis from the Unity Party).
Economic level
Developed country – GDP per capita – $ 45,000 PPP.
Middle-income, emerging economy, GDP per capita – $12,000 PPP.
A few distincitive features of political life or major political issues or challenges in recent years.
A major corruption scandal – led to the fall from power of many politicians of the Rightist Party.
President Jacques Curtis has been accused by political opposition of crushing independent media.
Using the American Political Science Association’s Style Manual (- author/date bibliographical format to prepare and attach a full list of sources (minimum of TEN) that you used to prepare this report. This should be done on a separate, second page, entitled “Bibliography.” If necessary, consult the library guide for this class and/or a reference librarian at the MSU library to help you format your sources correctly. See the example on the next page below.
(Please note that the list must be alphabetical – A-Z. Highlighted information is the explanation provided for your understanding only – do not copy or write this down in your own bibliography – notice that dates follow the author).
Bibiliography
(This is based on the APSA style — Chicago Manual, Author-date listing).
Alcock, Peter, and Gary Craig. 2009. International Social Policy: Welfare Regimes in the Developed World, 2nd edition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Example of a book by two authors.
Altenstetter, Christa, and Reinhard Busse. 2005. “Health Care Reform in Germany: Patchwork Change Within Established Governance Structures.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 30 (1-2): 121–142. Journal Article by two authors.
Beer, Samuel H. 1998. “Welfare Reform: Revolution or Retrenchment?” Publius 28 (3): 9–15. Journal Article by one author.
Carrera, Percivil M, et al. 2008. “Health Care Financing Reforms in Germany: The Case for Rethinking the Evolutionary Approach to Reforms.” Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 33 (5): 979–1005. Journal Article by multiple authors, more than two.
Center for Consumer Information and Insurance Oversight. 2013. Health Insurance Market Reforms. https://www.cms.gov/CCIIO/Programs-and-Initiatives/Health-Insurance-Market-Reforms (accessed, January 10, 2021). Government Document from the Internet
Cohn, Jonathan. 2010. “How They Did It: The Inside Account of Health Care Reform’s Triumph.” The New Republic, June 10: 14-25. Magazine Article by one author.
Cuter, David, and Jonathan Gruber. 2001. “Health Policy in the Clinton Era: Once Bitten, Twice Shy.” American Economic Policy of the 1990s, June 27-31, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/Conferences/economic_policy/CUTLER-GRUBER.pdf Article downloaded from the web by two authors.
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS.org). 2000. “PBS-Healthcare Crisis: Healthcare Timeline.” http://www.pbs.org/healthcarecrisis/history.htm (accessed, January 10, 2021) Web site
Starke, Peter. 2006. “The Politics of Welfare State Retrenchment: A Literature Review.” Social Policy & Administration 40 (1): 104–20. Journal Article by one author.
Slothuus, Rune. 2007. “Framing Deservingness to Win Support for Welfare State Retrenchment.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (3): 323–344. Journal Article by one author.
Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
For this assignment, you will analyze an Episodic note case study that describes abnormal findings in patients seen in a clinical setting. You will consider what history should be collected from the patients, as well as which physical exams and diagnostic tests should be conducted. You will also formulate a differential diagnosis with several possible conditions.
Review the following Episodic note case study:
Subjective:
• CC: “I have bumps on my bottom that I want to have checked out.”
• HPI: DJ, a 25-year-old white female college student reports to your clinic with external
bumps on her genital area. She states the bumps are painless and feel rough.
She states she is sexually active and has had more than one partner during the
past year. Her initial sexual contact occurred at age 18. She reports no abnormal
vaginal discharge. She is unsure how long the bumps have been there but
noticed them about a week ago. Her last Pap smear exam was 3 years ago, and
no dysplasia was found; the exam results were normal. She reports one sexually
transmitted infection (chlamydia) about 2 years ago. She completed the
treatment for chlamydia as prescribed.
• PMH: Asthma
• Medications: Symbicort 160/4.5mcg
• Allergies: NKDA
• FH: No hx of breast or cervical cancer, Father hx HTN, Mother hx HTN, GERD
• Social: Denies tobacco use; occasional alcohol, married, 3 children (1 girl, 2 boys)
Objective:
• VS: Temp 98.6; BP 120/86; RR 16; P 92; HT 5’10”; WT 169lbs
• Heart: RRR, no murmurs
• Lungs: CTA, chest wall symmetrical
• Genital: Normal female hair pattern distribution; no masses or swelling. Urethral
meatus intact without erythema or discharge. Perineum intact. Vaginal mucosa
pink and moist with rugae present, pos for firm, round, small, painless ulcer noted
on external labia
• Abd: soft, normoactive bowel sounds, neg rebound, neg murphy’s, neg McBurney
• Diagnostics: HSV specimen obtained
Assessment:
• Chancre
PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but
will be required for future courses.
Assignment:
Analyze the subjective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Analyze the objective portion of the note. List additional information that should be included in the documentation.
Is the assessment supported by the subjective and objective information? Why or why not?
Would diagnostics be appropriate for this case, and how would the results be used to make a diagnosis?
Would you reject/accept the current diagnosis? Why or why not? Identify five possible conditions that may be considered as a differential diagnosis for this patient. Explain your reasoning using at least three different references from current evidence-based literature.
How does your state’s rate compare with the national rate?
For this Assignment, create a narrated PowerPoint presentation about the crime trends in your state. In a minimum of 15 PowerPoint slides (excluding the cover and references slides), addresses the following items:
Your state’s homicide numbers from the UCR (which will include not only homicide but non negligent manslaughter) from 1995-2019 (past 25 years)
The rates for those years
Are the rates going up or down? That is, what are the trends?
How does your state’s rate compare with the national rate?
What are the causes/patterns of homicide in your state?
Identify the topic and state why the improvement should be made
For this project, you are to identify a clinical issue you believe needs improvement. Then you will then write a 2-page (not including the title page and reference page) paper in APA format. Include at least three evidence-based research articles that support your proposed change. Evidence-based research should not be higher than five years old.
Items to be included are as follows: QI Paper.
Identify the topic and state why the improvement should be made.
State how patients are affected by the issue.
State your proposed change.
State how your idea will improve patient care.
Provide evidence-based research to validate your proposed change. (minimum 3
sources)
State how you will evaluate the proposed amendment after it is implemented.
Include a title page and reference page in APA format.
References page includes only sources
List the actions to be taken to unfreeze the equilibrium and drive toward the desired state
Force Field Analysis Template
This table is based on Schein’s force field analysis section in “Models and Tools for Stability and Change in Human Systems” (Schein, 2002).
Present State
Statement of current conditions
Desired Future State
Statement of future conditions
Driving Forces
Restraining and Resisting Forces
List the actions to be taken to unfreeze the equilibrium and drive toward the desired state:
Reference
Schein, E. H. (2002). Models and tools for stability and change in human systems. Reflections, 4(2), 34–46.
1
How does this author contribute to what you have already learned about teaching reading?
Abstract
Provide a short overview about the gist of the entire article. Be sure that you have read the article and can summarize in your own words. This section should be brief, 4 – 5 sentences.
Bibliographic Information
You must give credit to the author or author’s that wrote the article. Be sure to follow APA format.
Summary Information
Briefly state the main idea or thesis presented in this article.
Summarize the most important information, ideas, facts, etc. presented in this article – must be half a page.
Personal Reaction
What was the most surprising/interesting thing you found out by reading this article?
How does this author contribute to what you have already learned about teaching reading?
Reflection
Reflect on your experiences in teaching reading or learning to read. Share an experience that you are reminded of after reading the article.
What question(s) do you have after reading this article? What would you like to learn more about?
Would you recommend this article to others? Why or Why not?
