What percentage of people who switch to e-cigarettes or vaping devices containing nicotine stop smoking tobacco-filled cigarettes completely,

“ VAPING NICOTINE SURVEY REPORT”

I. BACKGROUND. Relevant Studies.
In October of this year the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized e-cigarette products for the first time ever, giving R. J. Reynolds permission to sell 3 of its Vuse vape products. In doing so, the FDA said, “While (this) action permits the tobacco products to be sold in the US, it does not mean these products are safe or ‘FDA approved’. All tobacco products are harmful and addictive and those who do not use tobacco products should not start.”
According to Mitch Zeller, who heads FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products, there were two reasons for permitting R.J. Reynolds to sell its “tobacco-flavored” Vuse products.
1. They regarded it as “… an important step toward ensuring all new tobacco products undergo the FDA’s robust, scientific premarket evaluation”, and
2. “The manufacturer’s data demonstrates its tobacco-flavored products could benefit addicted adult smokers who switch to these products – either completely or with a significant reduction in cigarette consumption – by reducing their exposure to harmful chemicals.” (*the basis for our study)
This recent FDA decision is based on an assumption that people who already smoke cigarettes containing tobacco, will be able to switch to “tobacco-flavored” e-cigarettes that do not actually contain real tobacco, but a chemical substitute in the form of a “vapor”. If this assumption is correct, those who smoke tobacco-filled cigarettes will smoke fewer of them or none at all, because they will be satisfied by the substitutes in the form of e-cigarettes or “Vuse”vaping products
Independent, credible, scientific research regarding this assumption is minimal, although R. J. Reynolds and other Tobacco Companies, claim that there is evidence supporting their view. There have also been some independent studies that found that many tobacco-filled cigarette smokers continued to smoke traditional cigarettes, even after switching to e-cigarettes or vaping products. Some smoked even more.

It is the purpose of this study to test those assumptions, and to determine what percent of tobacco-filled cigarette smokers, if any, continue to smoke traditional cigarettes after switching to e-cigarettes, and what percent, if any, might smoke even more tobacco-filled cigarettes after switching.
(In response to the FDA decision, Matthew L. Meyers, of The Campaign for Tobacco-Free kids, warned that the e-cigarette product that smokers would be switching to, “… has three times the nicotine concentration as legally permitted in Canada, the UK and Europe. Vuse products with this level of nicotine leaves our nation’s youth at an undue risk of addiction.” )

Pg. 2
(Students: You may include in this section any other study or studies indicating that switching from tobacco-filled cigarettes to e-cigarettes or to vaping devices decreases or eliminates tobacco-filled cigarette smoking; does not change it, or even increases it. You must cite the FULL REFERENCE, and indicate if the study was “independent”, or sponsored by a tobacco company like R.J.Reynolds.)

A. The Main Question.
What percentage of people who switch to e-cigarettes or vaping devices containing nicotine
a. stop smoking tobacco-filled cigarettes completely,
b. smoke fewer tobacco-filled cigarettes,
c. smoke the same amount of tobacco-filled cigarettes,
d. smoke more tobacco-filled cigarettes,
e. continue to smoke tobacco-filled cigarettes ? (Add c. to d.)
Hypothesis.
a. some smokers will stop smoking tobacco-filled cigarettes completely. (Percentage TBD)
b. some smokers will smoke fewer tobacco-filled cigarettes (Percentage to be determined)
c. some smokers will smoke the same amount of tobacco-filled cigarettes (Percentage TBD)
d. some smokers will smoke more tobacco-filled cigarettes (Percentage to be determined)
e. some smokers will continue to smoke tobacco-filled cigarettes (Percentage to be determined)
(Add c. to d.)

B. Related Questions (Without hypotheses)
What percentage of people:

1. Smoke tobacco-filled cigarettes,
2. Vape nicotine,
3. Smoke tobacco-filled cigarettes and vaped nicotine,
4. Smoke marijuana in:
a. a cigarette (paper) form,
b. an e-cigarette,
c. a vaping device,
d. another form,
5. Consume (take in, ingest) marijuana in:
a. brownies, or other type of food,
b. liquid form,
c. other form,
6. Take other “recreational drugs” without a prescription,
7. Favor NY State’s recent legalization of the “recreational” use of marijuana?

How do you think that the judge will rule on this motion to suppress?

A 19-year-old student, Sally, has been arrested by the police for possession of a small amount of marijuana while driving home from a college party. Assume that the police officer had probable cause to stop Sally for drunk driving. During the search of Sally’s pockets incident to her arrest, the police find an
unregistered handgun, a bag of prescription drugs issued to a woman named “Judy O’Heary, aged 74,” and $5,000 in cash in her car.
When the police confronts her with these items, she says, “I need those pills because of my back pain.
And, I have no idea where that gun came from.” The police officer then asks her why you need more than 350 tablets of painkillers, and she states, “You have no idea how bad my back hurts.”
Based on her statements about the pills, the police charge her with intent to sell and distribute prescription drugs. At trial, her attorney makes a motion to suppress the admission of the statements, arguing in relevant part that she made the statement without being given her Miranda rights. In response, the police argue that she made statements voluntarily and not under duress.
Discussion Assignment:
How do you think that the judge will rule on this motion to suppress? Does it matter that she was already under arrest at the time of her statements?

Describe five external business environment challenges which might affect Iwoca’s business mode

Assignment task

Case study – Iwoca

Read the case study and answer the following questions:
1. Iwoca’s stated mission is to ‘to make financing available to a million customers’. Drawing on evidence from the case study evaluate their mission statement against the ‘six successful tests of a mission statement’ (Wilson and Gilligan, 2005).
2. What might have been the advantages and disadvantages to Iwoca in raising investment through family and friends as opposed to other forms of finance?
3. Describe five external business environment challenges which might affect Iwoca’s business model.

CASE STUDY

Struggling to get finance? I know just how that feels
Christoph Rieche is the boss of Iwoca, a lender that believes simplicity is the way to help small businesses
Eight years ago, Christoph Rieche decided to give up a plum role at Goldman Sachs to start a small business lender. It gave him an instant insight into exactly the kind of problems that many of his intended customers were facing.
In need of capital to offer to prospective borrowers but without the track record to secure wholesale finance, Mr Rieche turned to friends and family. “I started by tapping mates for about £20,000. Then the loan book was growing, so you need more. There would be that look in the eyes, don’t f*** it up.
“I had a family member who said, ‘I’ll give you £100,000, but I need it back [soon] because I’m buying a house.’ I thought, ‘If I screw this up and they can’t buy their house, it will be dreadful forever.’ ”
It hasn’t been dreadful. Fortunately for Mr Rieche and his benefactors, Iwoca, his company, has made such progress that it relies on institutions including NIBC Bank and Shawbrook Bank for its capital. And from the germ of an idea, Iwoca has grown to lend more than £1 billion to nearly 30,000 small companies.
Other aspects of the business have changed remarkably little, not least Mr Rieche’s outlook since he founded the business in 2011 with James Dear, a former Deutsche banker.
“We saw that small businesses have an acute challenge accessing finance, which means a big drag on productivity in the UK and other economies. That thought, which made me start the business, is still what gets me out of bed today. We want to be that bridge so that the business owner can sleep better.”
According to banks, small business lending has been muted since the financial crisis because there is a lack of demand. They cite surveys suggesting a long-term trend towards companies wanting to expand under their own steam rather than take on debt.
The message appears to be: “We’re making money available. It’s hardly our fault if entrepreneurs don’t want to borrow it.”
Mr Rieche, 39, begs to disagree: “[Since the crisis] there’s been growth in consumer finance and corporate finance and a contraction in small business lending. Something doesn’t add up.” He believes that businesses do want credit if it’s made simpler to find, apply for, secure and pay back. “Do banks make finance easily available to small businesses? If you don’t market loans properly for long enough, naturally after some time people don’t think about it and decide that it’s not for them.”
A typical Iwoca customer has been running for fewer than five years and is looking to borrow about £15,000. Its loans are unsecured. The London-based company started life by offering credit to eBay traders. Since it could see their selling data, credit decisions could be made swiftly, without the delays and paperwork associated with applying for a bank loan.
It was, Mr Rieche says, an “underserved and misunderstood market. In 2011, if an ecommerce merchant went to a bank and asked for a loan, the bank thinks, ‘I can’t believe you are doing this for a living’. ” An expansion into the broader economy began in 2014 via technology that reads applicants’ bank statements to make rapid credit decisions for short-term loans. Think of it as an alternative to the humble bank overdraft, something that small companies in their early days often find hard to secure.
This year Iwoca claimed that the number of new credit facility approvals that it was responsible for equated to 12 per cent of the British small business overdraft market. Yet Mr Rieche believes that the business has “barely scratched the surface” of where he wants it to get to. “Our mission is to make financing available to a million customers. That’s the north star.” Does that seem ambitious? “It’s a large number. We’re meant to look at that and say, ‘There’s a long way to go’.”
The company does appear to have a relatively solid base to build upon. Unlike peers including Funding Circle, the listed peer-to-peer lender, Iwoca is in the black, returning a maiden £1.4 million profit from sales of £48 million last year
“We’ve kept a balance between investing in growth while keeping our marketing spending very disciplined. You can lose a lot of money if you run off chasing growth.”
Iwoca Pay, a new invoice finance service, launches next year, while a more conventional business loan that doesn’t require a personal guarantee will follow in 2021, the result of a £10 million grant from a Royal Bank of Scotland fund designed to boost competition in business banking.
Further expansion will come from technology that allows third parties to use Iwoca to offer loans to their customers. For example, customers of Tide, a digital bank, can apply for an Iwoca loan without leaving Tide’s app.
Customer trading data from such partners should mean that credit decisions can be made without the borrower having to do much in terms of an application. Mr Rieche thinks that this concept, which he calls “open lending”, could allow Iwoca to get in front of two million small and medium-sized companies.
“Traditionally, a company like us has very limited reach through traditional marketing channels. To get small businesses to borrow, you have to take it to the places they’re already at so they stumble across it and think, ‘Yes, why not?’”
Iwoca offers a different approach to the high street banks that dominate small business finance, but Mr Rieche is no fan of the “alternative” tag that lenders like his company have been given. “I want people to say Barclays, Lloyds, HSBC, Iwoca. I don’t want to be an alternative.”
‘I didn’t even consider approaching a high street bank for a loan. There was no chance’
Cecilia Downer decided to set up her own business, Nails and Cocktails, after poor service at a nail bar (James Hurley writes). “They rushed us in and out. I thought I could do better.”
Ms Downer, 38, decided to open a salon offering nail and other beauty treatments that also would serve drinks, providing a more fun and relaxing experience for clients.
She generated demand with a blog offering beauty tips and was soon being told to hurry up and get the venture up and running. Based in Chingford, northeast London, the business opened its doors in late 2017. When it needed furnishings, Ms Downer didn’t even consider approaching a high street bank for a loan. “There was no chance. Even opening a bank account was difficult.”
She found Iwoca via an internet search and applied for about £3,000. “It looked simple, straightforward, saying you could borrow within 24 hours. We did. It was smooth and easy.”
With that loan paid off, she hopes to return to finance an expansion to a site in Tottenham. In the meantime, she is running the company, which has four staff, while working as an operations manager for an accountancy firm. “I have a vision for an empire. I have to hustle hard. Can’t stop, won’t stop!”
Christoph Rieche, the co-founder of Iwoca, says that helping entrepreneurs such as Ms Downer is much more rewarding than his former life as a Goldman Sachs banker.
“I was keen to have an impact at the individual level. If you give a small business owner finance, it is quite different from helping someone like Nestlé. “You can help them hire, grow and ultimately have a big impact on their life and their family’s if the business can do better.”

What were the main corporate governance issues within this case?

Case Analysis

Each student should conduct research into their chosen firm/organisation and prepare their case study and analysis on the issues/events/dilemmas that have taken place. As regards the analysis of the case, each student is required to address the following discussion questions:

1. What were the main corporate governance issues within this case? (12 marks).
2. What does the theoretical, academic, professional, or legal literature/regulation say on these issues? Were such events or features of your case consistent with, or in contrast to, the theoretical, academic, professional, or legal literature/regulation? (10 marks).
3. If the company/organisation addressed these issues, was the response appropriate? Did it address the fundamental issues at stake? If a response has yet to emerge, what would you expect a suitable response to be, and why? (8 marks).
4. Could similar events happen again in the UK today? Why? Do you think the current system of corporate governance and accountability in the UK is sufficient to deal with these issues? (8 marks).
5. What were the general lessons learnt from this case? What have you, as a student, learnt about governance, risk and ethics from this case? (6 marks).
6. Would you invest in this company/organisation? Give the reasons for your decision (4 marks).

Use a z-test to test the hypothesis. What can you conclude from the result?

Task: A teacher has been teaching English for the past 10 terms. As a population, final exam scores are normally distributed with a mean of 62, and an SD(Standard Deviation) of 9. With the current class (i.e. sample) of n = 30 students, the teacher tries a different teaching format. Once a week, the class breaks down into smaller groups that meet with the teacher for discussion the reading material. At the end of the term, the teacher notes that the mean for this sample on the final exam was 66.5. Did the teaching format have a significant effect on performance on the final exam?
1. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
2. State an appropriate experimental hypothesis.
3. Does this require a one or two tailed test? Based on this, what is the critical value of z?
4. Use a z-test to test the hypothesis. What can you conclude from the result?

What does it mean to be “plunged outside of history”?

You will develop your own argument that answers an interpretive question about Invisible Man. You will support your argument with close reading, using secondary texts to define, defend and support your terms precisely. You might begin with the historical and theoretical texts that we discussed in class with
the novel: Marcus Garvey; WEB DuBois; Ellison’s Working Notes; Claudia Tate/Todd Lieber articles).
You are required to do research of a critical nature and to engage those sources in your paper.
You can choose one of the following topics or come up with your own:
Invisibility in the novel.
The role of music in the novel.
What does it mean to be “plunged outside of history”?
IM in relation to: Jim Trueblood, Mr. Norton, Lucius Brockway, Dr. Bledsoe, Brother Jack, Mary Rambo, Tod Clifton, Ras the Exhorter/Destroyer, Rinehart.
The role of white women in the novel. [“Magnificent Blonde”, Emma, nameless wife, Sybil
The dreams described in the novel.
The impact the philosophies of Booker T Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and Marcus Garvey [and the characters who represent them] have on stages of IM’s life.
Your essay should be between FIVE and SIX (5-6) pages, or 1,250 to 1,500 words. All papers must be typed, double spaced, with standard margins and in Times New Roman 12pt. type and formatted according to MLA style. Your last name and the page number should appear in the top right-hand corner of every page. You are required to use at least three secondary sources of a critical nature. This means analytic and/or interpretive essays or books written by reputable scholars in the field, published in literary journals, by university presses, or online journals that are peer reviewed and sponsored by
universities, institutes, or professional organizations.

What theory and/or approach do you think is best suited to the safeguarding issues in your case study and your chosen professional role

Safeguarding Children, Young people & Adults ASS145-3
Case Study Two: Young People
Family Structure: Mother Julie, Mother’s partner Mark, Anthony-Julie’s sone 15, Kieron Julie’s son 13, Samantha Mark’s daughter 12

Julie and Mark have been in a relationship for 2 years. Mark left the army 3 years ago and after getting into debt and being made homeless moved into Lisa’s flat.
Julie has 2 sons Kieron age 12 and Anthony 15 and Mark has a 12-year-old daughter, Samantha who stays with them alternate weekends. Julie is pregnant with Mark’s baby. They live in a 2 bedroomed flat.
Julie and Mark have a history of drug use and use cocaine regularly Mark also drinks heavily. They have both been in treatment for their substance misuse in the past but were discharged for failing to engage with treatment.
The police have been called to the home on 2 occasions recently by Julie to attend for domestic violence. On both occasions Julie had bruising to her face, the children were present in the flat at the time.
Anthony is not doing well in school. He is described as angry and defiant. He has not been returning home from school and has made friends with a gang of 18-year-old young people.
Anthony has been arrested with other members of the gang for burglary and received a caution. He has started to skip school to be with the gang and has recently been arrested for joyriding in stolen cars. Anthony spends as much time away from home as possible and when arrested told the police that he does not want to go home. He does not like Mark and feels that his mum pays more attention to Mark and his daughter than to him and his brother. In the latest incident, a joy-riding episode led to an accident and injured a pedestrian. Anthony knows he is now in serious trouble
There are problems with Kieron who had been doing well at school, but his schoolwork has deteriorated recently, he has been prescribed glasses but does not wear them as Julie says they are broken and she cannot afford to replace them. Kieron has also started bed-wetting. He has told his class teaching assistant that he feels stressed. Kieron presents as very hungry, untidy and most of the time smells of stale urine. The school are concerned.

Assignment
• What theory and/or approach do you think is best suited to the safeguarding issues in your case study and your chosen professional role – provide a rationale – you need to be able to explain your choice in depth and in a logical manner

• What legislation/policy have you identified (remember that you have to identify 3 for your assignment) – provide a rationale for each. Which one will you analyse and evaluate for its effectiveness?

– Children Act 1989
– Working Together to Safeguard Children 2018 –
– Children and Social Work Act 2017
– Education Act 2002 – sets out the safeguarding duties for all schools
– Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006
– Modern slavery act 2015
– Children’s act 2004
– Keeping Children Safe in Education 2020

TAKE NOTE CLEARLY ADDRESS EXPLAIN FOLOWING

• Main safeguarding issues and concerns
• Professional Role selected
• Researched your role and what is its relevance to the case Study?
• What legislation/policy is relevant to your role and the case study and why? (Choose 3)
• identify and discuss wider sociological factors relevant to case study? Consider theoretical models that will help to incorporate these in your discussion
• link theory to practice
• select one of your chosen pieces of Legislation/Policy for critical evaluation?
• Identify journal articles, literature, and or serious case Reviews to provide an evidence base for your discussion points/?

Which terrorist organization do you think is the most dangerous to Americans and American interests?

Which terrorist organization do you think is the most dangerous to Americans and American interests?
Instead of an organization, you may think a lone wolf attacker is the most dangerous. Whichever you decide, explain why you selected that organization or individual. Think about their history, the impact of their attacks, their weapons, and their capabilities (such as if they have a long-range reach or have access to a large amount of money). Also, provide a short summary of the group or individual.

Analyze the financial reporting of a local government for specific indications of budgetary and fiscal compliance.

Financial Reporting Review of Local Government
Overview
The Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) has established accountability as the cornerstone of financial reporting for governments. Accountability, as defined by GASB, includes budgetary and fiscal compliance. In this assignment, you will explore a local government’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) for the elements of the CAFR and how those
elements are incorporated by a local government. Your professor will assign a local government
CAFR that is similar to the CAFR presented in your textbook. Instructions
Write a 3–5 page paper in which you do the following:
Compare and contrast the CAFRs in three categories:
Publication method.
The existence or non-existence of an internal audit function.
At least two key features of the external audit information.
Compare both the internal and external audit information presented.
Include the publication method of the CAFR for the assigned local government entity with the governmental entity being used for your Continuing problem.
Analyze each of the three sections of the assigned local government CAFR using the questions presented in Chapter 2 Continuing Problem as a basis:
The CAFR includes statements that combine and report on the government’s activities from both a government-wide and a fund perspective.
The CAFR is divided into three sections – introduction, financial, and statistical.
Using the assigned local government CAFR, analyze each of these sections using the questions presented in the Chapter 2 Continuing problem as a basis.
Analyze the local government methods used in the preparation of the Budget-to-Actual reports in the CAFR, including the basis of accounting used, significant variances, and other local government financial-related legal or contractual requirements.
12/6/2021 Your professor will assign a local government CAFR that is similar to the CAFR presented in your tex
https://duepapers.org/2021/12/06/your-professor-will-assign-a-local-government-cafr-that-is-similar-to-the-cafr-presented-in-your-tex/ 2/2
The Budget-to-Actual reports in the CAFR are the foundation of evaluating budgetary compliance.
Analyze the local government CAFR, identifying at least three primary revenue sources from both governmental and enterprise funds. In your analysis, include:
Revenue rates.
Revenue trends.
Whether the delay remains in the recognition of revenue.
The statistical section is a good source of rate and trend information.
Use at least three quality sources to support your writing. Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate. Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment. For help with research, writing, and citation, access the library or review library guides.
Produce writing that contains accurate grammar, mechanics, and spelling in accordance with SWS style.
This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. The specific course learning outcome associated with this
assignment:
Analyze the financial reporting of a local government for specific indications of budgetary and fiscal compliance

Answer the question of what is meant by a multimodal approach to treatment

In Chapter 11 of Bartol & Bartol (2019), the topic of forensic assessment of family and intimate partner
violence is discussed. As those within forensic psychology embark upon the treatment of intimate
partner violence (IPV) there are many salient points upon which to focus. No longer is it deemed
suitable within professional circles to treat only the perpetrator of family violence. The common
approach in contemporary forensic psychology is a much more holistic method.

In this post

Address the utility of a multimodal approach to the treatment of family and intimate partner violence.
Answer the question of what is meant by a multimodal approach to treatment.
In addition, answer the query of how an open–ended interview might be the best technique for use in
the treatment of IPV