Write a 2000 Word essay on Pre-Natal Development

2000 Word essay on Pre-Natal Development
Conception to birth
Epigenetics
Nature (genetic disposition) v Nurture (environmental influences, stress and diet of mother, other stimuli)
Hereditary, Social, Political, cultural, economic, environmental
Underlying Phychological and Physiological perspectives on development and behaviour
Differences and diversity of lifespan models
Typical development – is the research reliable?
5 stages of brain development from conception

Pre Natal development is becoming more widely researched than in the past and it is now accepted that development actually starts at conception, not birth. A journal article by Gottleib, G (1976) on Behavioural Embryology explains that it is now known that ‘developing motor and sensory-perceptual systems are capable of functioning long before they have completed neural maturation’. This statement demonstrates that the human brain begins developing from the moment conception has taken place. We can follow a timeline when discussing Pre natal development, starting with conception. Conception is deemed to be the moment a single sperm penetrates the membrane of the egg and forms a Zygote. The genetic material of both parents is now fused and 23 pairs of chromosomes are made. The Zygote continues to develop into a Blastocyst and implants itself into the uterine wall. These first two weeks after conception are known as the Germinal Period. We then move into the Embryonic Phase from week three to eight. Although the Embryo is formed, the cell is still not recognisable as a human although the Neural Tube will begin to form at around 22 days gestation making the Central Nervous System. From week four, the spinal cord and brain is beginning to develop. By week five, all major organs and systems are formed.

Write a detailed lesson plan (500 words), using the lesson plan proforma which is available below.

Description
Write a detailed lesson plan (500 words), using the lesson plan proforma which is available below. Then, write a
2000-word rationale in essay form, giving the reasons for your choices and linking them to theory and
established good practice. Your lesson plan then needs to be attached to the essay as an appendix.
Your rationale should amount to an explanation of how to plan and deliver an effective lesson. You need to
include consideration of various aspects of planning and delivery, such as:
-age group appropriateness ( YEAR 2)
-National Curriculum requirements ( MATHS)
-clear lesson objectives and success criteria
-methods and their application
-classroom management
-differentiation

Should a school curriculum promote social consensus, as Functionalists maintain, or should it expose and challenge social conflicts, as Social Justice Educators maintains?

SS5019 Sociology and the Curriculum – Essay Questions

Assignment 1: Essay on sociological theories (2500 words)

Select one of the titles from the list below related to theories studied in the first semester

Should a school curriculum promote social consensus, as Functionalists maintain, or should it expose and challenge social conflicts, as Social Justice Educators maintains?
Is a twofold curriculum – a true one for an elite and a mythic one for the many – a necessity for any social economy based on a division of labour?
To what extent have the universal and rationalist hopes of the Enlightenment impacted upon modern schooling?
For what reasons do either Marx or Foucault present mass education as a means of social control? Depending on which theorist you have selected to write about, is anything about their analyses accurate?

Assignment 2: Essay on curriculum organisation (2500 words)
Critically examine one of the following subject areas in the curriculum: Science, Maths, English Literature, Geography, History, Religious Studies or Citizenship.
Your discussion should cover the history and original purpose of the subject, as well as its contemporary content and purpose (if different). You should consider and assess the reasons why the subject is considered to be an important part of the curriculum, and what purpose its content serves in relation to the opposition between knowledge and ideology.
.

Students will carry out and reflect on their experiences of conducting a pilot study. They will also reflect on how to improve it in the context of their specific research topics.

Topic: 

A pilot research study (3,000 words) Students will carry out and reflect on their experiences of conducting a pilot study. They will also reflect on how to improve it in the context of their specific research topics.

Describe how you will measure the effectiveness of the proposed strategies, the effectiveness of your collaborations, and the sustainability of your program once XYZ funds have ended.

XYZ Foundation Request for Proposals
Adapted from http://hvcaa.macrointernational.com/AppGuide.aspx (website currently unavailable)
What is the Mission of the XYZ Foundation (XYZ)?
XYZ’s mission is to improve the quality of life of individuals who have disabilities. XYZ funds projects that 1) operate on a local or regional scale and 2) are delivered by non-profit organizations. Awarded funds may not be used for political lobbying or organizational fund-raising efforts. Projects addressing low vision rehabilitation are especially welcome.
Am I eligible to apply for an XYZ grant?
XYZ awards grants to non-profit organizations working with individuals who have disabilities. The Project Director of the grant must work for the non-profit organization.
How much does XYZ award through its grants?
XYZ typically funds five projects per year. Requested funds are to be spent across a three-year period, beginning June 1, 2022 through May 31, 2025. XYZ will award up to $300,000 per each three-year project. While a project’s total budget may exceed $300,000 per three years, annual requested funds should not exceed $100,000. There will be no carry-over funds from one year to another. Grantees must report annually to XYZ on their progress toward goals and expenditures.
How will applications be reviewed and awarded?
Applications will be evaluated according to the following criteria (for 100 total points). Applicants must use the following headings for the structure of their proposals:

1. Needs: Project Approach and Activities (30 points)
   A statement of why your project is needed in your community. Describe in detail the unmet needs in your community and how your organization intends to address them in a new or innovative way through the grant project. Describe your organization and why it is fit for the grant. Describe your Project Goal and Project Objectives.
   Peer Review Criteria for Needs Section:
   • _What is the name of the organization requesting funds?
   • _Are the project goals and objectives stated clearly?

• _What community or region does this proposal intend to serve?
• _What are the unmet needs of the community or region and was this described in detail?
• _How is the project new or innovative to the community or region?
• _How will the project be sustained once funding ends?
• _How does the proposal match up with the mission of the XYZ Foundation?
• _Does the project exceed three years?
• _Does the proposal include direct quotes from letters of support?

2. Personnel: Project Director and Collaborations (10 points)
   A brief description of who will direct the project, including a resume of his/her skills and experience. Please list the names and contacts of community groups collaborating with you on the project. Provide a detailed description of the unique role and contributions of these collaborators on your project. The number of collaborations is not limited. Letters of support from your collaborators that specifically outline how you will work together are required.
   Peer Review Criteria for Personnel Section:
   • _Who will direct the project?
   • _Is there a resume for the project director in Appendices?
   • _Who are the names and contacts of community collaborators for the project?
   • _What are the roles of the community collaborators?
   • _Are there letters of support from the community collaborators?
3. Management Plan (20 points)
   A description of your key activities plus timeline of key activities. Assign personnel and deadlines to activities. Activities must be linked to Project Objectives. Project activities must conclude by May 1, 2025, and a final evaluation report must be submitted to the XYZ Foundation by June 30, 2025.
   Peer Review Criteria for Management Plan Section:
   • _Are the project tasks clear and valid for the project?

• _Are personnel assigned to tasks?
• _Are deadlines indicated?
• _Are there any goals/objectives that are not addressed by the management plan?
• _Are there any personnel not assigned to tasks?

4. Project Evaluation (10 points)
   A description of your project measurement processes. Describe how you will meet the objectives listed in the Project Approach and Activities section of your application. Describe how you will measure the effectiveness of the proposed strategies, the effectiveness of your collaborations, and the sustainability of your program once XYZ funds have ended. Describe how you will report the status of your project to XYZ each year.
   Peer Review Criteria for Project Evaluation Section:
   • _How will the project’s effectiveness and outcomes be measured?
   • _Are all goals/objectives linked to an evaluation measure?
   • _How is quality of life being measured?
   • _How and when will project status be reported to the XYZ Foundation?
5. Budget (20 points)
   A detailed, line-item budget and justification of the funding amount requested. Budget expenses must be broken up by Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3. You must provide details on direct and indirect costs and in-kind contributions for this project. Applications that do not have an accurate, complete budget will not be funded.
   Peer Review Criteria for Budget Section:
   • _Does the project itemize both requested funds and in-kind contributions?
   • _Do the total requested funds not exceed $300,000?
   • _Do the requested funds not exceed $100,000 per year?
   • _Is the budget understandable and accurate?
   • _Does the budget account for personnel and other direct costs?

• _Is the Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) listed for each personnel in both budget narrative and budget table?
• _Does the project list indirect costs?
• _Does the budget list a percentage for the indirect rate (%)?
• _Is the budget accurate
• _Is the budget complete?

6. Appendices (10 points)
   Include at minimum the following pieces of documentation: resume of the Project Director, at least three letters of support from various stakeholders (consumers, professionals, etc.) supporting your project, and at least one budget table. Include any supplementary documentation that adds to the value of your proposal.
   Peer Review Criteria for Appendices Section:
   • _Is the Project Director’s resume included?
   • _Are at least three letters of support from collaborators included?
   • _Is there at least one accurate and complete budget table?
   • _Is an APA References list included?
   • _Is supplementary information included?
   • _Is each appendix cited within the grant narrative?

Write a 1 paragraph summary of the article and prepare a MSWord document with the following information inthe exact order

Description
Write a 1 paragraph summary of the article and prepare a MSWord document with the following information in
the exact order:
What’s the research question?
A research question identifies the purpose of the study. It is typically found in the introduction section and/or
abstract. If not spelt out, you will need to figure out what questions the researchers tried to answer through the
article.
What’s the conceptual framework?
The conceptual (or theoretical) framework is the lens a researcher uses to investigate the research question and
explain the results. It guides the research design and informs the expected findings (i.e., the hypothesis).
Who or what is included in the study (sample characteristics)? What is the sample size?
The composition of the sample is critical to understanding the relatability of the results to your clients. Sample
specifics (e.g., age, gender, marital status if a study about people) can typically be found in the method and
results sections. While some studies use people or people with certain characteristics as samples, other studies
may have a non-human sample.
What’s the variable of interest?
This is the key factor for which the researcher is trying to explain the variation (dependent variable). It is
important to understand how it’s measured and how the explanatory factors (independent variables) are
hypothesized to impact the variation in the dependent variable.
What research design and analytical approach (statistical tests) were used?
The methods section describes the source of data and statistical techniques so other researchers can judge and
replicate the results. Peer-reviewed journals help to ensure credibility, allowing you to focus on the results.
Identify the research design and the analytical approach or how the hypotheses were tested or research questions
were answered.
What are the findings?

Expound on the significance of constructing eco-friendly houses in improving life for the end users

Background
Eco-friendly housing refers to a low-emissions construction method or a self-built home that consumes very little energy once it is occupied. It also relates to environmentally friendly materials or the reduction of negative effects on the environment (Pullen, 2021). Constructing eco-friendly houses either eliminate negative impacts or create positive impacts on the natural environment (Sharma & Jha 2021). It signals the construction of structures using approaches that are non-harmful or beneficial to the natural environment and, at the same time, improves resource efficiency. As a scale to establish whether or not construction can be rated eco-friendly, the United States Green Building Council developed a system known as the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). It contains rating systems that are used as metrics for eco-friendly architectural designs, construction, operation, and maintenance (Parvez & Parvez 2021). Going by the provisions of this rating system, a building is categorised as eco-friendly or not based on various metric elements. The most common of these include its level of efficiency in the use of water, energy and other freely given environmental resources, the extent to which it protects and enhances the physical and mental health of the occupants and strategies put in place to facilitate waste reduction and minimise pollution (air, noise and water) and environmental degradation. However, over the years and with the increasing need to address environmental challenges, additional metrics have been established.
In the 20th century, there were not as many regulatory authorities monitoring the environmental impacts of Eco-Friendly housing as there are today. The need to be environmentally conscious was not embraced as much, part of the reason being the lack of tangible adverse impacts of climate change. Today, regulatory authorities across the world have developed an interest in eco-friendly construction concepts and practices (Smith 2021). In the United Kingdom the local government establish local regulations to help local operators reduce the environmental impact during the construction of buildings. The eco-friendly construction grading system in the United Kingdom is referred to as Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), in Germany, it is known as German Sustainable Building Council (DGNB), Japan has the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE)While India has the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) (Orova & Reith 2019). All these rating systems have nearly the same standards for buildings to be certified as eco-friendly.
Essentially, the goals and objectives of eco-friendly housing are focused on the three main aspects – environmental, economic and social. The need to accrue benefits and the aforementioned areas motivates organisations to consider eco-friendly Tactics in their construction. Notably, the positive sides of the aforementioned aspects impact positively in improving the quality of life for the end users and general population. Eco-friendly construction is targeted at buildings because they are responsible for a significant percentage of the consumption of Environmental resources such as water and energy. If there are any efforts to cut emissions with a view to addressing climate change and undesirable global warming, responsible parties should focus their attention on the construction, operation and maintenance of buildings. Lamb et al. (2021) record that as of December 2018, buildings alone accounted for a massive 28% of the total global emissions. The processes of their constructions, maintenance and demolition, are included in this figure. Chiefly, buildings emit CO2. The global CO2 emissions emanating from the construction processes are approximated to be 39% (Huang et al. 2018). This figure is likely to double by 2050 if new technologies that reduce the rate of emission are not adopted. Eco-friendly construction is geared towards reducing the environmental impact of construction processes for buildings.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The proposed study, ‘ Eco-friendly housing,’ seeks to determine and provide clarity on whether or not constructing eco-friendly houses have a positive impact on the occupants and general population. The study will conduct an extensive exploration of the various methods to achieving eco-friendly constructions around the world. The idea is to find out whether or not these efforts facilitate the improvement of life for end users and general population.
1.3 Aims
This research proposal assumes that constructing eco-friendly housing have a significant impact on improving the life of the occupants and general population. As such, the primary aim is to establish whether or not eco-friendly housing have an impact on the end users, environment and the general population. To achieve this, the study will seek to meet each of the following secondary research aims:
Determine the benefits of using eco materials alternatives.
Expound on the significance of constructing eco-friendly houses in improving life for the end users
Determine the essence of using renewable energy in achieving high-quality life for the end users and the general population

Establish the role of increasing eco-friendly houses to lower the carbon footprint.

critically appraise a leaflet created to enhance methotrexate adherence produced by clinical pharmacy students as a part of health promotion assignment.

Health promotion has become an essential component of pharmacy practice 2. The role of pharmacists is extending beyond the conventional dispensing and medicine-like services to include a wider involvement in health promotion 3. Now, community pharmacists provide a range of physical health promotion and mental wellbeing services through increasing awareness, giving advice, minimizing health inequities, and referring people to appropriate services 4. One of the most commonly used tools to promote Individual’ health is patient information leaflet, however, in order to meet this purpose, it must be well written, noticeable, understandable, believable, and rememberable5. This paper therefore aims to critically appraise a leaflet created to enhance methotrexate adherence produced by clinical pharmacy students as a part of health promotion assignment. The appraisal of the leaflet includes an explanation of the purpose of selecting this topic, a description of barriers to methotrexate adherence, critical analysis of its content, layout, and design.

Patient information leaflet is often used by wide range of health organisations and practitioners as part of patient education or health promotion serveries and thus to support prevention, therapeutic, and adherence objectives 6. This leaflet fits within these approaches by enhancing health-related knowledge, behaviors, and management conditions. It is designed to enhance adherence to methotrexate in adult who diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis RA. The rational for choosing this topic is because pharmacists have extensive understanding of illness prevention and management, which places them in an excellent position within the health care system to promote medications adherence 7. In addition, Methotrexate is related with a higher likelihood of non-adherence among patients with RA 8. As in many chronic diseases where adherence to medication is critical for treatment effectiveness, adherence to methotrexate is essential for achieving the aim of disease remission and decrease disease activity 8. Non compliance to methotrexate has been linked to symptom deterioration and increasing disability, leading to increase morbidity and mortality 8,9. physical disability found to be associated with decreased ability to cope, increased mental health disorders, and more pain 10. Non-compliance will have an impact not only on the patient’s disease severity but also the treatment decisions made by the rheumatologists, potentially leading to greater health-care expenses 11. Hence Raising awareness toward medication adherence and disease knowledge by designing a leaflet might contribute to minmise these complications.

in light of the importance of patient information leaflet, it should be easy to comprehend
and customized to target population’s characteristics with a focus to overcome barriers 12. The information written in this leaflet are evidence-based medicine and designed to tackle common barriers to methotrexate adherence. Several studies demonstrate that lack of knowledge of slow action of methotrexate, fear of side effects, struggle to identify a need to persist on treatment, odd doses, forgottenness impact on methotrexate compliance 13,14. Alrubaye YS.el. add to that education levels have a major impact on compliance, patients with lower education showing better compliance than those with higher education. This could be due to patients’ knowledge and ability to use the internet to learn about the long-term adverse effects, which could seriously impact their adherence 14. Accordingly, this leaflet provided explanations and solutions to most of these factors to tackle the non-adherence issue.
This leaflet fits with the concept of health belief model and protective motivation theory in which Individuals’ likelihood of taking preventative action is significantly predicted by perceived both susceptibility, perceived severity and perceived benefits 15. Hence, the leaflet includes the complication of untreated rheumatoid arthritis and the side effects of methotrexate for purpose of supporting patients’ autonomy. Alongside this, side effects are given in both form descriptive and numerical format in order to minimize overestimated of harm. Dickinson et al. mentioned that
providing numerical information can promote more accurate evaluations of threats and benefits16. Owing to the challenging of providing all the required information on a small paper, the leaflet supported with the reliable rheumatoid arthritis sources to guide patients within accurate information. Overall, the content of the leaflet is adequately balanced between the benefits and harm; yet the leaflet layout and design are further concern that should be taken in consideration.

A well-written and designed leaflet can increase the number of who can utilise the information to make safely decisions regarding their treatment. To maintain this, the leaflet is designed to be in accordance with the majority of NHS principles. it is written in active and simple tense, short sentence with avoidance of jargon, suitable pictures, and bullet points to guide the text. Additionally, questions and answer format were used to help patients to navigate the information. Although it designed in “six-page leaflet “which is one of the recommended formats by NHS, leaflets printed on paper folded numerous times might not appear significant enough to read 17. Patients’ behaviour is influenced by poor readability and comprehension, resulting in a reduced level of medication compliance12. Considering this, according to the SMOG readability test, the leaflet readability age is between 12 and 14 years old, which is higher than the recommended (10 years); however, it is written in simple and patient friendly language.
the appearance of a leaflet may attract or dissuade patients from reading it. This leaflet thus includes relevant and eye-catching pictures to facilitate the comprehensive and aid recall the information. Using simple and relevant pictures in most case have been proved the effective of health communications in all four areas attention, comprehension, remembering and compliance.
two main colours used in the leaflet 18. It is noteworthy that, the tow colours used in the leaflet are in line with the rheumatoid arthritis symbol which expresses wisdom, knowledge, and hope.

To conclude, this leaflet is well prepared and designed to promote methotrexate adherence in RA. The leaflet content is up to date and evidence-based medicine to enhance people awareness and knowledge. It is designed in accordance with most NHS principles as well as it fits within the concept of health belief model and protective motivation theory. However, this leaflet has some limitation, the usage of this leaflet may be restricted owing to its readability score and the absence of such information that was not added due to space limitations.

References:

Whitehead D. Health promotion and health education: advancing the concepts. Journal of advanced nursing. 2004 Aug;47(3):311-20.
smelashe Gelayee D, Binega Mekonnen G, Asrade Atnafe S. Practice and barriers towards provision of health promotion services among community pharmacists in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BioMed research international. 2017 Jul 31;2017.
Beshir SA, Bt Hamzah NH. Health promotion and health education: perception, barriers and standard of practices of community pharmacists. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2014 Jul 4;52(4):174-80.
Van Hove M, Kettle R, Walsh R, Leng G. NICE public health guidance update.
Protheroe J, Estacio EV, Saidy-Khan S. Patient information materials in general practices and promotion of health literacy: an observational study of their effectiveness. British Journal of General Practice. 2015 Mar 1;65(632):e192-7.
Moerenhout T, Borgermans L, Schol S, Vansintejan J, Van De Vijver E, Devroey D. Patient health information materials in waiting rooms of family physicians: do patients care?. Patient preference and adherence. 2013;7:489.
Milosavljevic A, Aspden T, Harrison J. Community pharmacist-led interventions and their impact on patients’ medication adherence and other health outcomes: a systematic review. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2018 Oct;26(5):387-97.
Nasim A, Nighat Mir A, Muhammad Ahmed S, Saira K, Shabnam B, Sumaira F. Adherence to methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
Curtis JR, Bykerk VP, Aassi M, Schiff M. Adherence and persistence with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. The Journal of rheumatology. 2016 Nov 1;43(11):1997-2009.
Sturgeon JA, Finan PH, Zautra AJ. Affective disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis: psychological and disease-related pathways. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2016 Sep;12(9):532-42.
Pasma A, Schenk CV, Timman R, Busschbach JJ, van den Bemt BJ, Molenaar E, van der Laan WH, Schrauwen S, van’t Spijker A, Hazes JM. Non-adherence to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs is associated with higher disease activity in early arthritis patients in the first year of the disease. Arthritis research & therapy. 2015 Dec;17(1):1-0.
Medina-Córdoba M, Cadavid S, Pérez-Acosta AM, Amaya-Giraldo V. Factors that Facilitate and Hinder the Comprehension of Patient Information Leaflets (PILs): A Brief Scoping Review. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2021 Nov 10:2986.
Hope HF, Hyrich KL, Anderson J, Bluett J, Sergeant JC, Barton A, Cordingley L, Verstappen SM. The predictors of and reasons for non-adherence in an observational cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis commencing methotrexate. Rheumatology. 2020 Jan 1;59(1):213-23.

Alrubaye YS, Al-Juboori MB, Al-Humairi AK. The causes of non-adherence to methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2021 Feb 16;14(2):769-74.

Rimal RN, Real K. Perceived risk and efficacy beliefs as motivators of change: Use of the risk perception attitude (RPA) framework to understand health behaviors. Human communication research. 2003 Jul;29(3):370-99.
Dickinson R, Raynor DK, Knapp P, MacDonald J. How much information about the benefits of medicines is included in patient leaflets in the European Union?–A survey. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice. 2017 Apr;25(2):147-58.
Young A, Tordoff J, Smith A. Regulatory agencies’ recommendations for medicine information leaflets: Are they in line with research findings?. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2018 Feb 1;14(2):196-202.
Houts, P.S., Doak, C.C., Doak, L.G. & Loscalzo, M.J., 2006. The role of pictures in improving health communication: a review of research on attention, comprehension, recall, and adherence. Patient education and counseling, 61(2), pp. 173-190.

write a 5-page literature review on your topic that addresses how the literature informs your problem of practice.

Literature Review: Paper Assignment Instructions
Overview
A formal literature review should be approached strategically to ensure a high-quality review of the current literature that includes an analysis and synthesis of known research, knowledge, and thinking that precedes the proposed research. The purpose of a formal literature review is to advance the author’s knowledge about a problem of practice or specific topic and to present the formal literature review as a justification, or argument, for conducting research and to provide the researcher with enough information to make an informed decision regarding the recommendations to improve educational practices.

Instructions
For this assignment, you will use the information from the textbook reading and from the Individual Scholarly Works Template and the Comparative Template to write a 5-page literature review on your topic that addresses how the literature informs your problem of practice.
The first page should be a correctly APA formatted title page that includes the title of your study written as a recommendation.
The second through fourth pages should be a formal review of the literature related to your topic. This review must have level one and level two headings. Include at least eight peer-reviewed scholarly journal articles using citations. You must use the articles from your Comparative Templates (Module 4: Week 4 and Module 6: Week 6). All articles must have been published within the last five years. You may not go over the page limit, and you must meet the page requirement. Writing concisely is a learned skill. This is your opportunity to practice. Your voice, as the researcher, must be evident in the paper. You may determine the headings to cover in your literature review based on your topic, and the headings must be logical for the topic chosen.
The last page must be the Reference page and it must include a minimum of eight scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles.
You must use the information from the textbook reading in Module 7: Week 7 to be successful on this assignment.

What are the root causes of crime and what can be done to prevent or reduce crime in society?

Directions:

• The paper should include four theories of crime and criminality, each with their own strengths, weaknesses, and policy implications in an attempt to explain, “What are the root causes of crime and what can be done to prevent or reduce crime in society?”
  -The paper should also have a developed thesis statement that concisely articulates the paper’s main point, while directing the reader to the content in the body of the essay. Many criminologists have attempted to explain the causes of crime through different criminology theories.  The body of the paper should cite specific theories, relevant material, concepts, authors, and research and the paper should include Three references.

The root causes of crime and what can be done to prevent