Compare and contrast each of these three concepts.
Its important to have a clear understanding of the concepts of community health,public health, and population health.Compare and contrast each of these three concepts. Provide at least one real-world example for each and discuss the major contributions each makes to society at large.
Identify and describe one example of how you have used one evidence-based, culturally appropriate theory with Hispanic children and families.
Identify and describe one example of how you have used one evidence-based, culturally appropriate theory with Hispanic children and families. Create an Ecomap and describe your application of a human behavior conceptual framework to guide your practice wi
What should leaders or organizations do differently?
Task 4: Discussion OutlineWork with your dissertation chair to determine any specific instructions or guidance that he or she may have for you.Chapter 5, Discussion, is your opportunity to connect the findings and conclusions of your research back into the literature of the discipline. Where are there consistencies and inconsistencies? How do your findings inform, extend, or challenge existing theories or ideas? Chapter 5 is also where you make recommendations to practicing professionals and other researchers. What should leaders or organizations do differently? What future research opportunities exist?You will complete your full chapter 5 in the BUS8120 course.For this task in BUS8115, create an annotated outline of your chapter 5 that includes at least five connections to the body of literature. Additionally, the outline should include at least two implications for practitioners and at least two areas for future research.As an annotated outline, you must provide more than a list. Each connection, implication, and future research area should include an explanation in a few sentences that leverages scholarly support.Important note:Dissertation writing is highly recursive. As you write material in one section, you may need to make some adjustments or additions in other sections in order to build a cohesive document. Your discussion and recommendations might necessitate some updates to chapter 1 of your dissertation.Submission Details:Submit your annotated outline.Use APA style in citing references.Post the paper to the Milestone 4 Submissions Area.Notify your dissertation chair (e.g., via e-mail) when you have submitted the paper.Note: A successful dissertation requires self-directed behaviors. To successfully pass each dissertation course, you must successfully complete (pass) each milestone presented in the course materials. Additionally, you must complete the milestones in the order they are presented in the course. The tasks in some milestones may take you more than a week to complete. Finish each milestone before you move on to the next milestone. In your planning, also allow time for feedback from your dissertation chair/committee and revisions as part of completing each task.
briefly summarize the key marketing strategy issues in the case that are still relevant TODAY in addition to contemporary issues you find via research;
3-5 Pages, Times New Roman Font, Double SpacedRead the case: Airbnb: Whats Next? Prioritizing opportunities in Southern Europe (ATTACHED) and complete the case analysis. Discuss the following:1) briefly summarize the key marketing strategy issues in the case that are still relevant TODAYin addition to contemporary issues you find via research;2) make thorough recommendations on how the issues should be handled;3) provide a justification for the recommendations.The case analysis should be approached as if you are a marketing manager that has been asked to present three long-term strategies to the board of directors of the brand/product in question.Based on your understanding of the case AND external research on the CURRENT situation,what are the three best strategies to revitalize this brand/product to the same target market and/or alternative markets? Please do not limit yourself to the specifics of the case when formulating your strategies.Think BIG PICTURE(internal/external factors, complementary products/industries, sustainability, etc.).Strategic recommendations should bemeasurableand broad enough to encompass the direction of the brand for at least 5 years.At the same time, the analysis should explain in detail the logic and process behind implementing such initiatives.
Discuss economic theory and how it relates to your industry.
what need to be worked on from the below assignmentDevelop a Knowledge Deficiencies Statement taking into consideration what further information is needed for your team to address the question and what you hope that information will help you understand.This is what we need to dolast assignment we did work on problem statement right, in this assignment we need to talk about what we lack to solve the problemLearning OutcomesStudents will be able to:Discuss economic theory and how it relates to your industry.Utilize economic data to help solve the problem statement within your industry.IntroductionUnderstanding Step Two in PBLDecisions need to be based on data and a good comprehension of the economic relationships involved. There needs to be a balance on the amount of information that is gathered. Ideally, you should have all the information, but, in practice, it takes time and resources to get it. If you wait for all the information to come in, then it would be costly, and you may run out of time to implement the decision. If you go with too little information in order to make a quick decision, then you run the risk of not having enough to make a good choice. The skill is to know how much is sufficient to have.For this step, you will develop an idea of what you still need to find out. You already know what question needs answered and you have taken an inventory of what is known among the team members. Because you are going into new territory, do not be concerned if your research leads you down a different path than initially expected. It is possible that, down the line, you discover that you need additional or different information. That is a normal part of doing research. Dont forget that research is an adventure and the reason you are doing it is because you are blazing a new path.Write the deliverable in light of the courses learning outcomes. Now that you have an idea of what the strategic economic question is, what do you still need to have to address the problem statement? There are three main inputs into the economic analysis: data (the numbers), the models (framework for seeing the relationships among the data), and information (knowledge about the market such as key players and institutions that help you interpret the data and apply the models).Researching the ProblemBe broad in your approach, and seek quantitative and qualitative information. Quantitative data consists of numerical information. Examples may be an estimate of the dollar effect of the problem on profit or sales. Qualitative information is nonnumeric and consists of things you observed or read such as the implications of a pending piece of legislation or a change in consumer preferences toward or against a product. Let the economic theory you reviewed in the first week guide your thinking. The theory pulls data on prices, costs, and sales together and shows how they are interrelated. Theory also suggests other factors to look at. For example, is government regulation part of the market dynamics (e.g., quotas, subsidies, tariffs, direct payments for producers, price controls)? Does market power place limits on pricing power? Does the nature of the product affect price elasticity of demand and, therefore, how revenue varies by price? Does the cost structure and the mix of fixed and variable costs provide opportunities for improved profitability?The deliverable for this step is:The deliverable for this step should reference the work previously completed, namely the problem statement report and the theoretic approach. You might have several models because a problem can be solved multiple ways. For example, profit can be increased by lowering average cost, increasing demand, or decreasing the price elasticity of demand combined with a price increase. In each of these approaches, you will have different data needs. For example, if the problem is that profits are dropping because of decreasing demand, then a deficiency may be a better understanding of the consumer market and what affects preferences for the product. Or another deficiency might be the need to understand how international political and trade relations affect exports of the product. The main part of this deliverable should be a consideration of what further information is needed to address the question and what you hope that information will help you understand.Instructions for DeliverableAs a team learning project, the individuals participation in the processes of the team is as important as the product produced by the team. Therefore, it is very possible that team members will earn different scores for the assignment due to individual differences in the team process. It is important to understand that low performance in the team processes has a ripple effect on other students contributions to the development of the final paper and its quality. This grading approach provides the ethical principle of equity in the assignments grades.Review the rubric to make sure you understand the criteria for earning your grade.You can learn more about the specific skills being assessed by reviewing the links in Problem-Based Learning Resources(new tab).Remember to review the problem and the resources available on the Problem Overview(new tab)page.It is recommended that the team keep the end deliverables in mind. Therefore, it is a good idea to review the PBL deliveries rubrics in Workshops Four and Five to ensure that you will have appropriate knowledge base to complete your project.Meet as a team to ensure you have a shared understanding of the requirements for this step. As a team, use your PBL plan to outline how you will all meet the requirements individually and collectively.You are to use the PBL Team Forum discussion link for the development of your deliverable. This will give the professor opportunity to coach the team, if needed. If your team chooses to use another tool to develop your PBL deliverables, you must invite the professor to join your site.Develop a Knowledge Deficiencies Statement taking into consideration what further information is needed for your team to address the question and what you hope that information will help you understand.The Knowledge Deficiencies Statement should be written in APA format.One person from the team must submit the deliverable per the schedule outlined in your Team PBL Plan but no later than the end of Workshop Three.
Describe the relevance of the EPS/EBIT chart and why it is significant with respect to strategy implementation.
Unit V Case StudyRead the Assurance of Learning Exercise 8A and 8B on page 282 of the textbook. Prepare a product positioning map, and perform the EPS/EBIT calculations given in 8B. Discuss, in a two-page APA formatted paper, how the product positioning is aligned with McDonalds corporate strategy. Identify potential gaps in the product line or weaknesses inpositioning. Describe the relevance of the EPS/EBIT chart and why it is significant with respect to strategy implementation.
Explain how ethical frameworks shape business decisions.
300 word minimum forum post.Course Objective: CO2. Explain how ethical frameworks shape business decisions.Prompt: Acme, Inc. is a clothing manufacturer that employees 1,500 people in the state of New York. Unfortunately, it has experienced two straight years of business losses and must increase profits in order to stay in business. Acme is bidding on a contract with a major retail chain, and must come in as the lowest bidder in order to win the contract. In order to cut costs, Acme is considering purchasing T-shirts from China from a company that is known for cheap labor and sweatshop conditions. Clearly state the ethical dilemma. Evaluate the scenario using the three ethical frameworks (utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics) that were discussed in the Halbert chapter in the lessons section. Identify which framework resonates with your own line of thinking.Instructions: Incorporate the required readings, as well as outside research, and support your statements. All material used must be cited.ReferencesMayer, D., Warner, D., Siedel, G. Lieberman, J., & Martina, A. (n.d.) Business Law and the Legal Environment. Washington, D. C.:Saylor Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/Business%20Law%20and%20the%20Legal%20Environment.pdfChapter 1: Introduction to Law and Legal SystemsChapter 2: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business EthicsChapter 3: Courts and the Legal ProcessChapter 52: International LawFriedman, M. (1970, Sept. 13) The Social Responsibly of Business it to Increase its Profits. New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from
describe the structure and function of biological molecules;
This experiment requires your lab kit.You will explore the basic properties of the chemistry that underlies biology. You will determine the presence of biological macromolecules such as proteins and carbohydrates using reagents that change color in their presence.Additional Materials needed for the labs (not included in lab kit)Experiment 1: egg white, potato, onion, hot water,fork, knife, hot water bath, tap waterPhotos of the results of all the tests in this experiment are required. Please include within the pictures an index card with your name and date.We discussed last week that the properties of living organisms are determined by the properties of their building blocks. These building blocks interact through chemical bonding, and then form even larger entities. The elements most frequently found in biological molecules include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and a few others in smaller amounts. The chemistry of the element carbon is particularly important for the formation of organic molecules that form the basic structure of biological molecules.Biological molecules can be very large in comparison to atoms or subatomic molecules and are referred to as biological macromolecules (macro means big). Learning about macromolecules is important to understanding living organisms. All living organisms are characterized by the presence of four major classes of macromolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are often called the molecules of life.Biological macromolecules such as proteins are able to carry out specific functions in living organisms. For example, certain proteins such as enzymes act as catalystssubstances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction between other molecules but do not change chemically themselves. These enzymes activate reactions occurring within living organisms.However, enzymes and other biological molecules made of matter do not possess the properties of life. Only after we combine these molecular building blocks to form a cell can we finally see the emergent property of life. At this point we have the smallest units of structure and function in biology: cells are then living entities.Types of cells differ considerably in their structure, size, shape, and function. Scientists usually categorize cells based on their structural features. You will learn these classifications and understand how those different features affect the cells purpose and abilities. Some living organisms, including humans, are composed of many different cell types among trillions of cells. Other living organisms, such as bacteria, are composed of just one single cell.In this section, we will discuss cell theory and the various organelles of a cell. We will then learn about a cell structure called the plasma membrane and see how materials move in and out of this membrane.You will participate in a class discussion related to topics in biology.You will also complete a laboratory experiment related to biological macromolecules.And you will demonstrate your knowledge of course concepts with a quiz.Week 2 OutcomesBy the end of this week, you should be able todescribe the structure and function of biological molecules;explain cell theory, the role of cells, and methods of studying cell structure;compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells;compare and contrast animal and plant cells;describe the structure and functions of the major cell organelles, as well as the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix;explain the fluid mosaic model of membranes and the processes of cellular transport in eukaryotic cells;determine the presence of proteins, glucose, starch (carbohydrate) using indicator solutions;manipulate test tubes and measure liquids;measure pH (acidity) using pH strips; andapply concepts and/or argue a position related to a scientific topic.Chemistry of Life: Biological MoleculesBiological MoleculesBy the end of this section, you will be able to:describe the ways in which carbon is critical to lifeexplain the impact of slight changes in amino acids on organismsdescribe the four major types of biological moleculesunderstand the functions of the four major types of molecules.The large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic molecules are called biological macromolecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids), and each is an important component of the cell and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cells mass. Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning that they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and additional minor elements.CarbonIt is often said that life is carbon-based. This means that carbon atoms, bonded to other carbon atoms or other elements, form the fundamental components of many, if not most, of the molecules found uniquely in living things. Other elements play important roles in biological molecules, but carbon certainly qualifies as the foundation element for molecules in living things. It is the bonding properties of carbon atoms that are responsible for its important role.Carbon BondingCarbon contains four electrons in its outer shell. Therefore, it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms or molecules. The simplest organic carbon molecule is methane (CH4), in which four hydrogen atoms bind to a carbon atom (Figure 13).However, structures that are more complex are made using carbon. Any of the hydrogen atoms could be replaced with another carbon atom covalently bonded to the first carbon atom. In this way, long and branching chains of carbon compounds can be made (Figure 14a). The carbon atoms may bond with atoms of other elements, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus (Figure 14b). The molecules may also form rings, which themselves can link with other rings (Figure 14c). This diversity of molecular forms accounts for the diversity of functions of the biological macromolecules and is based to a large degree on the ability of carbon to form multiple bonds with itself and other atoms.CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are macromolecules with which most consumers are somewhat familiar. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to low-carb diets. Athletes, in contrast, often carb-load before important competitions to ensure that they have sufficient energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants.Carbohydrates can be represented by the formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.Monosaccharides (mono- = one; sacchar- = sweet) are simple sugars, the most common of which is glucose. In monosaccharides, the number of carbon atoms usually ranges from three to six. Most monosaccharide names end with the suffix -ose. Depending on the number of carbon atoms in the sugar, they may be known as trioses (three carbon atoms), pentoses (five carbon atoms), and hexoses (six carbon atoms).Monosaccharides may exist as a linear chain or as ring-shaped molecules; in aqueous solutions, they are usually found in the ring form.The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6. In most living species, glucose is an important source of energy. During cellular respiration, energy is released from glucose, and that energy is used to help make adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Plants synthesize glucose using carbon dioxide and water by the process of photosynthesis, and the glucose, in turn, is used for the energy requirements of the plant. The excess synthesized glucose is often stored as starch that is broken down by other organisms that feed on plants.Galactose (part of lactose, or milk sugar) and fructose (found in fruit) are other common monosaccharides. Although glucose, galactose, and fructose all have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6), they differ structurally and chemically (and are known as isomers) because of differing arrangements of atoms in the carbon chain (Figure 15).Disaccharides (di- = two) form when two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (a reaction in which the removal of a water molecule occurs). During this process, the hydroxyl group (?OH) of one monosaccharide combines with a hydrogen atom of another monosaccharide, releasing a molecule of water (H2O) and forming a covalent bond between atoms in the two sugar molecules.Common disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose. It is found naturally in milk. Maltose, or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from a dehydration reaction between two glucose molecules. The most common disaccharide is sucrose, or table sugar, which is composed of the monomers glucose and fructose.A long chain of monosaccharides linked by covalent bonds is known as a polysaccharide (poly- = many). The chain may be branched or unbranched, and it may contain different types of monosaccharides. Polysaccharides may be very large molecules. Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin are examples of polysaccharides.Starch is the stored form of sugars in plants and is made up of amylose and amylopectin (both polymers of glucose). Plants are able to synthesize glucose, and the excess glucose is stored as starch in different plant parts, including roots and seeds. The starch that is consumed by animals is broken down into smaller molecules, such as glucose. The cells can then absorb the glucose.Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is made up of monomers of glucose. Glycogen is the animal equivalent of starch and is a highly branched molecule usually stored in liver and muscle cells. Whenever glucose levels decrease, glycogen is broken down to release glucose.Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural biopolymers. The cell walls of plants are mostly made of cellulose, which provides structural support to the cell. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature. Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by bonds between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule.Every other glucose monomer in cellulose is flipped over and packed tightly as extended long chains. This gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strengthwhich is so important to plant cells. Cellulose passing through our digestive system is called dietary fiber. While the glucose-glucose bonds in cellulose cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes, herbivores such as cows, buffalos, and horses are able to digest grass that is rich in cellulose and use it as a food source. In these animals, certain species of bacteria reside in the digestive system and secrete the enzyme cellulase. Cellulases can break down cellulose into glucose monomers that can be used as an energy source by the animal.Carbohydrates serve other functions in different animals. Arthropods, such as insects, spiders, and crabs, have an outer skeleton, called the exoskeleton, which protects their internal body parts. This exoskeleton is made of the biological macromolecule chitin, which is a nitrogenous carbohydrate. It is made of repeating units of a modified sugar containing nitrogen.Thus, through differences in molecular structure, carbohydrates are able to serve the very different functions of energy storage (starch and glycogen) and structural support and protection (cellulose and chitin) (Figure 16)Careers in Action: Registered DietitianObesity is a worldwide health concern, and many diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, are becoming more prevalent because of obesity. This is one of the reasons why registered dietitians are increasingly sought after for advice. Registered dietitians help plan food and nutrition programs for individuals in various settings. They often work with patients in health-care facilities, designing nutrition plans to prevent and treat diseases. For example, dietitians may teach a patient with diabetes how to manage blood sugar levels by eating the correct types and amounts of carbohydrates. Dietitians may also work in nursing homes, schools, and private practices.To become a registered dietitian, one needs to earn at least a bachelors degree in dietetics, nutrition, food technology, or a related field. In addition, registered dietitians must complete a supervised internship program and pass a national exam. Those who pursue careers in dietetics take courses in nutrition, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, microbiology, and human physiology. Dietitians must become experts in the chemistry and functions of food (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats).LipidsLipids include a diverse group of compounds that are united by a common feature. Lipids are hydrophobic (water-fearing), or insoluble in water, because they are nonpolar molecules. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include only nonpolar carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of lipids called fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals (Figure 17). For example, they help keep aquatic birds and mammals dry because of their water-repelling nature. Lipids are also the building blocks of many hormones and are an important constituent of the plasma membrane. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.A fat molecule, such as a triglyceride, consists of two main componentsglycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an organic compound with three carbon atoms, five hydrogen atoms, and three hydroxyl (?OH) groups. Fatty acids have a long chain of hydrocarbons to which an acidic carboxyl group is attached, hence the name fatty acid. The number of carbons in the fatty acid may range from 4 to 36; most common are those containing 12 to -18 carbons. In a fat molecule, a fatty acid is attached to each of the three oxygen atoms in the ?OH groups of the glycerol molecule with a covalent bond (Figure 18).During this covalent bond formation, three water molecules are released. The three fatty acids in the fat may be similar or dissimilar. These fats are also called triglycerides because they have three fatty acids. Some fatty acids have common names that specify their origin. For example, palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, is derived from the palm tree. Arachidic acid is derived from Arachis hypogaea, the scientific name for peanuts.Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. In a fatty acid chain, if there are only single bonds between neighboring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain, the fatty acid is saturated. Saturated fatty acids are saturated with hydrogen; in other words, the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized.When the hydrocarbon chain contains a double bond, the fatty acid is an unsaturated fatty acid.Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are called oils. If there is one double bond in the molecule, then it is known as a monounsaturated fat (e.g., olive oil), and if there is more than one double bond, then it is known as a polyunsaturated fat (e.g., canola oil).Saturated fats tend to get packed tightly and are solid at room temperature. Animal fats with stearic acid and palmitic acid contained in meat, and the fat with butyric acid contained in butter, are examples of saturated fats. Mammals store fats in specialized cells called adipocytes, where globules of fat occupy most of the cell. In plants, fat or oil is stored in seeds and is used as a source of energy during embryonic development.Unsaturated fats or oils are usually of plant origin and contain unsaturated fatty acids. The double bond causes a bend or a kink that prevents the fatty acids from packing tightly, keeping them liquid at room temperature. Olive oil, corn oil, canola oil, and cod liver oil are examples of unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats help to improve blood cholesterol levels, whereas saturated fats contribute to plaque formation in the arteries, which increases the risk of a heart attack.In the food industry, oils are artificially hydrogenated to make them semisolid, leading to less spoilage and increased shelf life. Simply speaking, hydrogen gas is bubbled through oils to solidify them. During this hydrogenation process, double bonds of the cis-conformation in the hydrocarbon chain may be converted to double bonds in the trans-conformation. This forms a trans-fat from a cis-fat. The orientation of the double bonds affects the chemical properties of the fat (Figure 19)..Margarine, some types of peanut butter, and shortening are examples of artificially hydrogenated trans-fats. Recent studies have shown that an increase in trans-fats in the human diet may lead to an increase in levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or bad cholesterol, which, in turn, may lead to plaque deposition in the arteries, resulting in heart disease. Many fast food restaurants have recently eliminated the use of trans-fats, and U.S. food labels are now required to list trans-fat content.Essential fatty acids are fatty acids that are required but not synthesized by the human body. Consequently, they must be supplemented through the diet. Omega-3 fatty acids fall into this category and are one of only two known essential fatty acids for humans (the other being omega-6 fatty acids). They are a type of polyunsaturated fat and are called omega-3 fatty acids because the third carbon from the end of the fatty acid participates in a double bond.Salmon, trout, and tuna are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are important in brain function and normal growth and development. They may also prevent heart disease and reduce the risk of cancer.Like carbohydrates, fats have received a lot of bad publicity. It is true that eating an excess of fried foods and other fatty foods leads to weight gain. However, fats do have important functions. Fats serve as long-term energy storage. They also provide insulation for the body. Therefore, healthy unsaturated fats in moderate amounts should be consumed on a regular basis.Phospholipids are the major constituent of the plasma membrane. Like fats, they are composed of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol or similar backbone. Instead of three fatty acids attached, however, there are two fatty acids, and the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is bound to a phosphate group. The phosphate group is modified by the addition of an alcohol.A phospholipid has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The fatty acid chains are hydrophobic and exclude themselves from water, whereas the phosphate is hydrophilic and interacts with water.Cells are surrounded by a membrane, which has a bilayer of phospholipids. The fatty acids of phospholipids face inside, away from water, whereas the phosphate group can face either the outside environment or the inside of the cell, which are both aqueous.Steroids and WaxesUnlike the phospholipids and fats discussed earlier, steroids have a ring structure. Although they do not resemble other lipids, they are grouped with them because they are also hydrophobic. All steroids have four linked carbon rings and several of them, like cholesterol, have a short tail.Cholesterol is a steroid. Cholesterol is mainly synthesized in the liver and is the precursor of many steroid hormones, such as testosterone and estradiol. It is also the precursor of vitamins E andK and the precursor of bile salts, which help in the breakdown of fats and their subsequent absorption by cells. Although cholesterol is often spoken of in negative terms, it is necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It is a key component of the plasma membranes of animal cells.Waxes are made up of a hydrocarbon chain with an alcohol (?OH) group and a fatty acid. Examples of animal waxes include beeswax and lanolin. Plants also have waxes, such as the coating on their leaves, that helps prevent them from drying out.For an additional perspective on lipids, explore Biomolecules: The Lipids through this interactive animation:http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lipids.ProteinsProteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Each cell in a living system may contain thousands of different proteins, each with a unique function. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, polymers of amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence.The functions of proteins are very diverse because there are 20 different chemically distinct amino acids that form long chains, and the amino acids can be in any order. For example, proteins can function as enzymes or hormones. Enzymes, which are produced by living cells, are catalysts in biochemical reactions (like digestion) and are usually proteins. Each enzyme is specific for the substrate (a reactant that binds to an enzyme) upon which it acts. Enzymes can function to break molecular bonds, to rearrange bonds, or to form new bonds. An example of an enzyme is salivary amylase, which breaks down amylose, a component of starch.Hormones are chemical signaling molecules, usually proteins or steroids, secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. For example, insulin is a protein hormone that maintains blood glucose levels.Proteins have different shapes and molecular weights; some proteins are globular in shape whereas others are fibrous in nature. For example, hemoglobin is a globular protein, but collagen, found in our skin, is a fibrous protein. Protein shape is critical to its function. Changes in temperature, pH, and exposure to chemicals may lead to permanent changes in the shape of the protein, leading to a loss of function or denaturation (to be discussed in more detail later). All proteins are made up of different arrangements of the same 20 kinds of amino acids.Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (?NH2), a carboxyl group (?COOH), and a hydrogen atom. Every amino acid also has another variable atom or group of atoms bonded to the central carbon atom known as the R group. The R group is the only difference in structure between the 20 amino acids; otherwise, the amino acids are identical (Figure 20).The chemical nature of the R group determines the chemical nature of the amino acid within its protein (that is, whether it is acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar).The sequence and number of amino acids ultimately determine a proteins shape, size, and function. Each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond, known as a peptide bond, which is formed by a dehydration reaction. The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of a second amino acid combine, releasing a water molecule. The resulting bond is the peptide bond.The products formed by such a linkage are called polypeptides. While the terms polypeptide and protein are sometimes used interchangeably, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids, whereas the term protein is used for a polypeptide or polypeptides that have combined, have a distinct shape, and have a unique function.Evolution in Action: The Evolutionary Significance of Cytochrome cCytochrome c is an important component of the molecular machinery that harvests energy from glucose. Because this proteins role in producing cellular energy is crucial, it has changed very little over millions of years. Protein sequencing has shown that there is a considerable amount of sequence similarity among cytochrome c molecules of different species; evolutionary relationships can be assessed by measuring the similarities or differences among various species protein sequences.For example, scientists have determined that human cytochrome c contains 104 amino acids. For each cytochrome c molecule that has been sequenced to date from different organisms, 37 of these amino acids appear in the same position in each cytochrome c. This indicates that all these organisms are descended from a common ancestor. On comparing the human and chimpanzee protein sequences, no sequence difference was found. When human and rhesus monkey sequences were compared, a single difference was found in one amino acid. In contrast, human-to-yeast comparisons show a difference in 44 amino acids, suggesting that humans and chimpanzees have a more recent common ancestor than humans and the rhesus monkey, or humans and yeast.Protein StructureAs discussed earlier, the shape of a protein is critical to its function. To understand how the protein gets its final shape or conformation, we need to understand the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary (Figure 21).The unique sequence and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is its primary structure. The unique sequence for every protein is ultimately determined by the gene that encodes the protein. Any change in the gene sequence may lead to a different amino acid being added to the polypeptide chain, causing a change in protein structure and function. In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin ? chain has a single amino acid substitution, causing a change in both the structure and function of the protein. What is most remarkable to consider is that a hemoglobin molecule is made up of two alpha chains and two beta chains that each consist of about 150 amino acids. The molecule, therefore, has about 600 amino acids. The structural difference between a normal hemoglobin molecule and a sickle cell moleculethat dramatically decreases life expectancyis a single amino acid of the 600.Because of this change of one amino acid in the chain, the normally biconcave, or disc-shaped, red blood cells assume a crescent or sickle shape, which clogs arteries. This can lead to a myriad of serious health problems, such as breathlessness, dizziness, headaches, and abdominal pain for those who have this disease.Folding patterns resulting from interactions between the non-R group portions of amino acids give rise to the secondary structure of the protein. The most common are the alpha (?)-helix and beta (?)- pleated sheet structures. Both structures are held in shape by hydrogen bonds. In the alpha helix, the bonds form between every fourth amino acid and cause a twist in the amino acid chain.In the ?-pleated sheet, the pleats are formed by hydrogen bonding between atoms on the backbone of the polypeptide chain. The R groups are attached to the carbons and extend above and below the folds of the pleat. The pleated segments align parallel to each other, and hydrogen bonds form between the same pairs of atoms on each of the aligned amino acids. The ?-helix and ?-pleated sheet structures are found in many globular and fibrous proteins.The unique three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is known as its tertiary structure. This structure is caused by chemical interactions between various amino acids and regions of the polypeptide. Primarily, the interactions among R groups create the complex three-dimensional tertiary structure of a protein. There may be ionic bonds formed between R groups on different amino acids, or hydrogen bonding beyond that involved in the secondary structure. When protein folding takes place, the hydrophobic R groups of nonpolar amino acids lie in the interior of the protein, whereas the hydrophilic R groups lie on the outside. The former types of interactions are also known as hydrophobic interactions. In nature, some proteins are formed from several polypeptides, also known as subunits, and the interaction of these subunits forms the quaternary structure. Weak interactions between the subunits help to stabilize the overall structure. For example, hemoglobin is a combination of four polypeptide subunits.Each protein has its own unique sequence and shape held together by chemical interactions. If the protein is subject to changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals, the protein structure may change, losing its shape in what is known as denaturation, as discussed earlier. Denaturation is often reversible because the primary structure is preserved if the denaturing agent is removed, allowing the protein to resume its function. Sometimes denaturation is irreversible, leading to a loss of function. One example of protein denaturation can be seen when an egg is fried or boiled. The albumin protein in the liquid egg white is denatured when placed in a hot pan, changing from a clear substance to an opaque white substance. Not all proteins are denatured at high temperatures; for instance, bacteria that survive in hot springs have proteins that are adapted to function at those temperatures.For an additional perspective on proteins, explore Biomolecules: The Proteins through this interactive animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/proteins)Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids are key macromolecules in the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals.The other type of nucleic acid, RNA, is mostly involved in protein synthesis. The DNA molecules never leave the nucleus but instead use an RNA intermediary to communicate with the rest of the cell. Other types of RNA are also involved in protein synthesis and its regulation.DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as nucleotides. The nucleotides combine with each other to form a polynucleotide, DNA or RNA. Each nucleotide is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five-carbon) sugar, and a phosphate group (Figure 22). Each nitrogenous base in a nucleotide is attached to a sugar molecule, which is attached to a phosphate group.DNA Double-Helical StructureDNA has a double-helical structure (Figure 23). It is composed of two strands, or polymers, of nucleotides. The strands are formed with bonds between phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides. The strands are bonded to each other at their bases with hydrogen bonds, and the strands coil about each other along their length, hence the double helix description, which means a double spiral.The alternating sugar and phosphate groups lie on the outside of each strand, forming the backbone of the DNA. The nitrogenous bases are stacked in the interior, like the steps of a staircase, and these bases pair; the pairs are bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. The bases pair in such a way that the distance between the backbones of the two strands is the same all along the molecule. Key Termsacid a substance that donates hydrogen ions and therefore lowers pHadhesion the attraction between water molecules and molecules of a different substanceamino acid a monomer of a proteinanion a negative ion formed by gaining electronsatomic number the number of protons in an atombase a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions and therefore raises pHbuffer a solution that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ionscarbohydrate a biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cellscation a positive ion formed by losing electronscellulose a polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants and provides structural support to the cellchemical bond an interaction between two or more of the same or different elements that results in the formation of moleculeschitin a type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of arthropods, such as insects and crustaceans, and the cell walls of fungicohesion the intermolecular forces between water molecules caus
What statuses would youor would you notconfer upon such groups?
After reading the Lesson Threematerial, go the the following link and watch the TED Talk by Sam Harris entitledScience Can Answer MoralQuestions:Afterward, please write an essay addressing the following questions.1. Freedom of speech, freedom of expression, and freedom of association are all values that we as Americans hold dear. Yet, we sometimes encounter ethical quandaries when individuals or groups who seek to proliferate ideasthat the majority would consider nefarious demand statuses of recognition and privilege normally reserved for more widely-accepted perspectives.Considerthis article(http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/white-nationalist-groups-nonprofit-status-article-1.2920346) on the implications of 501(c)(3) tax status awards for racist, white-nationalistpropaganda organizations. Consider the arguments on both sides of this public debate. One one hand, you have the argumentthat all Americans (and organizations) should be afforded equal rights,notwithstanding different points of view (remember Evelyn Beatrice Hall: I do not agree with what you have to say, but Ill defend to the death your right to say it).On the other hand, you have the arguments that government tax incentives should not be subsidizing hate groups, and that the groups in question are unworthy of non-profit status becausethey operatein a deceptive manner (with misleadingly benign names) and are not really educating as the spirit of the law intended. What say you on this issue? Did the IRS err in these cases? Towhat rights are such groups entitled? What statuses would youorwould you notconfer upon such groups?2. Suppose that someone who reads your answers to the first part of this assignment accuses you of bias. Another readerstates that your answer is just your opinion, and that there is nothing that makes your opinion more valid than anyone elses. Defend yourself. How would you counter such charges? What makes your answermorethan just opinion?Submission Instructions:This assignment should at a minimum contain 2,000 words of content (double spaced) and should be in APA format including a properly formatted cover page (abstracts are optional) and a reference page with at least three (3) NEW references (new here means references that you have not already used in previous assignments in this course). Providing additional references to your assignments demonstrate your desire to conduct additional research on the topic area, and can improve your research skills
Discuss the pros and cons for each system.
For this weeks contribution to the overall Key Assignment, you will build a list of candidate information systems and the applications they support that could solve the organizational issues identified in your Unit 1 IP. The new content should go in the Suggested Information Systemsand Applications They Support section of the Key Assignment template.Assignment GuidelinesAdd the following new content to your working template:Week 2: Suggested Information Systems and Applications They SupportUsing the chart below as a guide, build a list of at least 5 candidate information systems, and describe the applications they support to solve the organizational issues identified in your Unit 1 IP.For each information system, include what it takes to operate and maintain it.Mention which potential business strategic objectives each system could support.Discuss the pros and cons for each system.Make sure the document is in APA format.Submit the document for grading.Candidate Information SystemOrganizational Issue it SolvesApplications It SupportsOperationand Maintenance ConsiderationBusiness Strategic ObjectiveProsand Cons Of ISSee Attachment Below
