What would be the barriers to implementing these best practices?

Reflection Paper #3 Questions
1 Compare and contrast the ethnographic methodologies utilized by Marni Finkelstein in With No Direction Home: Homeless Youth on the Road and in the Streets and Kelly Night in Addicted. Pregnant. Poor. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of their approaches. How do you think that Professor Knight’s volunteer work as a health advocate inside the hotels she was studying affected (or did not affect) her research?
2 How does Marni Finkelstein employ the concept of fictive kin in her study? What evidence of fictive kin does she offer in her study of homeless youth? Compare and contrast the reasons the youth in Professor Finkelstein’s study gave for leaving home and surviving on the streets to their ideas about if, when, and how they would leave the streets. In focusing on the youth of Tompkins Square Park in the summertime, what groups of homeless youth might have been left out from Professor Finkelstein’s study?
3 A goal of anthropology is to tie the rich ethnographic descriptions that the anthropologists have garnered from their immersion in the field to the larger historical, social, political, and/or economic forces that impinge on the culture. In considering the ethnographies of homelessness we have read this semester (The Space of Boredom, More Than Bread, Needed by Nobody, With No Direction Home, Addicted. Pregnant. Poor), how well do you think each ethnography illustrated ways to understand the lives of the community consultants in a larger context? Give the reason(s) for your answers for each ethnography.
4 In the article “Promising Programs for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer/Questioning Runaway and Homeless Youth” authors Kristin Ferguson and Elaine Maccio extrapolate the characteristics of the most promising programs among the 19 homeless youth organizations that they studied. What did the authors say were the most promising practices? Do you agree? How can some of the elements of the promising practices identified for LGBTQ and runaway youth be applied to other populations experiencing homelessness? What would be the barriers to implementing these best practices?

Identify an article (source open) related to juvenile rehabilitation. Expand on the article and discuss whether you feel this article conveyed equitable results for such rehabilitative efforts.

Description
Identify an article (source open) related to juvenile rehabilitation. Expand on the article and discuss whether you
feel this article conveyed equitable results for such rehabilitative efforts. If not, how could the article been
improved?

Produce a Disseration on – The relationship between leadership and employee motivation

Dissertation Brief

2 Provide a critical review of relevant literature and related concepts to form an effective
framework for the study
3 Plan and carry out an ethically approved research investigation with limited supervision
within which appropriate methodologies and analytical techniques are applied to the
investigation.
1 Propose a relevant area of investigation and formulate a research proposal appropriate for
treatment by the techniques and approaches developed on the module, relevant to the
subject discipline.
4 Clearly communicate the nature, rationale and outcomes of the enquiry , drawing valid
conclusions and/ or making logical recommendations appropriate to the objectives of the
dissertation.

Assignment Brief:

You are required to produce an 8,000-word dissertation based upon independent research into a specified topic area. All work should be well referenced and contain a complete reference
section.

The dissertation should contain the following:

Abstract
Contents page
Lists of tables and figures (if needed)
Acknowledgements page (if needed)
Introduction
Literature review
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
References

conduct an empirical, microeconomic analysis using theoretical concepts and analytical skills you studied

PURPOSES
The Term Research Paper Project is designed to provide you with an opportunity to conduct an
empirical, microeconomic analysis using theoretical concepts and analytical skills you studied
throughout the semester. By participating in this project, you will broaden your understanding
of the economic models and microeconomic concepts and will apply those concepts to the realworld problem analysis. Furthermore, this project will help you to sharpen your analytical skills
by applying the various economic models and analytical tools.
FINAL RESEARCH PAPER PROJECT (Individually assigned)
You are required to compose and submit a formal research paper as requested by this project
guidelines. It is highly recommended that you work on this project throughout the semester
instead of waiting until the due date to try and complete this research.
This will be a formal research paper in APA style detailing your research question, empirical
model, analysis, and arguments on the topic stated in the next pages.
Follow the APA style writing. Refer to the following links for the APA style guidelines:
http://www.apastyle.org/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Violations of the APA style writing rule will result in a poor credit.

Apply scientific principles and methodology to appreciate the engineering and scientific context of automotive and motorsport engineering

1 Learning Outcomes Assessed
LO1: Apply scientific principles and methodology to appreciate the engineering and scientific context of
automotive and motorsport engineering, and to understand relevant historical, current and future
developments and technologies. (SM1b)
3.2 Assessment Brief

Introduction
Hydrogen is a clean fuel that, when consumed in a fuel cell, produces only water. The Hydrogen Storage
Tank/Fuel Tank (Figure 1) is getting popular in the automotive industry.
A Hydrogen Fuel tank with all the dimensions is shown in Figure 2. This tank is designed to contain
compressed hydrogen at 240 Bar. The edge A of the tank is fixed in the axial direction and additionally,
edges A and B are fixed in the circumferential direction. The Tank is made up of AISI 1045 Steel, Cold drawn
with properties shown in Table 1.
Figure 1 Hydrogen Fuel tank inside a car.
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Figure 2 Hydrogen Fuel Tank.
Table 1 Properties of AISI 1045 Steel, Cold drawn.
Young’s modulus 205 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.29
Yield strength 530 MPa
Ultimate strength 625 MPa
Statement on the structural integrity of the Hydrogen Fuel Tank used in this assignment for the given
loading: Proof (Safety factor for yield stress) and ultimate (safety factor for ultimate tensile stress) factors
of 1.25 and 1.5 respectively shall be used.
The Hydrogen Fuel Tank is to be assessed for its structural integrity.
Instructions
Part I: FEA analysis using SolidWorks
1) Set up a finite element analysis (FEA) model for the wing using SolidWorks Simulation and
apply the appropriate boundary conditions. It is suggested that you use the approach of
Pressure Vessel.
2) Carry out initial checks
5
3) Apply the following load in turn:
An internal pressure, 𝑃 of 240 Bar.
4) Now check your simulated results
Part II: Analytical calculations
Perform the analytical calculations below with the equations given:
Considering the Hydrogen Fuel Tank as a pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 𝑑 and
thickness of 𝑡.
a) the Hoop Stress (𝜎ℎ):
𝜎ℎ =
𝑃𝑑
2𝑡
b) the Longitudinal Stress (𝜎𝑙
):
𝜎ℎ =
𝑃𝑑
4𝑡
c) the Safety factors:
• Safety factor for yield strength (SF1):
𝑆𝐹1 =
𝜎𝑦𝑠
𝜎ℎ
• Safety factor for ultimate strength (SF2):
𝑆𝐹2 =
𝜎𝑈𝑇𝑆
𝜎ℎ
Where 𝜎𝑦𝑠 is yield strength and 𝜎𝑈𝑇𝑆 is ultimate strength of the material.
6
Part III: Compare the FEA results with the analytical results.
Report Requirements
Write a short report to present your findings. Ensure that it includes the following:
(i) Front page (Title, name etc), content, Abstract, and Introduction including aim and
objectives of the assignment (10%).
(ii) Methodology (20%):
➢ Definition of geometry, loading conditions and constraints including figures
as you feel appropriate (10%).
➢ Details of the FE model – geometry, mesh and boundary conditions and
loading including plots (screenshots) as you feel appropriate (10%).
(iii) Results and Discussion (60%). These should include:
Part I: FEA analysis using SolidWorks
For the given internal pressure, determine using SolidWorks Simulation Including
plots (screenshots) as you feel appropriate:
➢ Hoop Stress (10%).
➢ Logitudinal Stress (10%).
Part II: Analytical calculations
For the given internal, determine using analytical calculations including figures as you
feel appropriate:
➢ Hoop Stress (10%).
➢ Logitudinal Stress (10%).
Part III: Compare the FEA results with the analytical results.
➢ A comparison of the FEA results with the analytical results from the initial
checks together with appropriate comments (10%).
➢ Also, comment on the Hoop Stress in the structure related to the given
properties of the aluminium alloy AISI 1045 Steel, Cold drawn (10%).
(iv) Conclusion and Reference (10%).
7
Recommendations
➢ Page number, Header and Footer, Font: Calibri, Font size: 12, Line spacing: 2
➢ Ensure that you use Harvard referencing and provide minimum of 5
appropriate references.

Submission procedure
An electronic copy of the assignment in .pdf format needs to be uploaded via Turnitin in Moodle.
Also, send the SolidWorks Simulation file via email to m.mohin@bolton.ac.uk.
Assessment
This assignment constitutes 40% of the total assessment of the principal objectives of this unit

Prepare a critical report on the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport.

Report Brief

Basic Purpose: Prepare a critical report on the proposed expansion of Heathrow Airport.

Word Count: 2500 (excluding references); 250 Words for references; 250 words for summary slide presentation (3000 altogether).

Word Count Distribution: see below.

Section 1 – Risk Identification

Word Count Distribution: 250 words.

Content of Section 1: section 1 should identify the main risks that could impact on the airport expansion project.

Specific instructions on content of section 1:

Short introduction: two sentences introducing the purpose of the report. To be clear, the purpose of the report is to be i) a critical report on the case made for the airport’s expansion by Heathrow Airports Ltd by in terms of the most important Quantitative and Qualitative (Technical, Economic and Political) risks faced by the project and ii) a discussion of the most appropriate responses to these risks.

Identification of main risks: the vast majority of the word-count in section 1 should be used to identify the main risks and, in particular, how those main risks were identified (the techniques used to identify the risks must be named).

To be clear, the acceptable identification techniques are those techniques which are typical for risk identification in construction projects (i.e. interviews with key project participants; analysis of historical data for similar projects; standard form risk assessments used in the UK construction industry; lessons learned; brainstorming. There is a decent bit of literature on Methods for Risk Identification in Construction Projects here (http://web.usm.my/jcdc/vol17_s1_2012/Art%204_jcdc17-s1.pdf) which could be used.

The risks named in section 1 should be the same risks which are to be the subject of the later sections of the report. And each risk named in section 1 should be categorised. For instance, political risks (e.g. war, change of government, local pressure / protest groups); technical risks (e.g. Technical risks include anything that restricts you from creating the product that your customer wants. This can include uncertainty of resources and availability of materials, inadequate site investigation, or incomplete design. These risks can commonly occur when there are changes in project scope and requirements, and if there are design errors or omissions); economic risks (e.g. unexpected changes in supplying materials and labour, availability of equipment, inflation, tariffs, fiscal policies and exchange rates. Cost escalation is another economic risk of construction).

Section 2 – Quantitative Risk Analysis

Word Count Distribution: 1000 words.

Content of Section 2: this section is to be critical evaluation of the case made by Heathrow Airports Ltd not the case made by critics such as GreenPeace. The case made by Heathrow Airports Ltd is found across all the documents entitled ‘Heathrow Expansion – HAL Case.pdf’.

This section should also touch on the recent High Court ruling blocking the project and then the Supreme Court ruling allowing the project to proceed subject to planning permission, which itself may be subject to further legal challenge (see here: https://www.whitecase.com/publications/alert/supreme-court-overturns-block-heathrows-expansion). Quantifying any risks which may follow from future action.

Also, an attempt to quantify the risk posed by COVID-19 to the project should be made (it is therefore implicit that COVID-19 is both a political and economic risk that should be named in section 1).

The quantitative risk analysis under this section must propose its findings in quantified terms and in terms of either i) increased cost (£); ii) extension of time to complete; iii) reduced quality or performance.

Changes in the interest rate, inflation rate and exchange rate should be modelled by use of
sensitivity analysis.

Other acceptable Quantitative Risk Analysis techniques include: Multiple Estimate Risk Analysis; Indifference Analysis; Estimates based on Confidence Intervals or any other common estimation technique deployed by Quantity Surveyors in Construction Project contexts. For complete guidance, see the guidance on Quantitative Risk Analysis attached Quantitative Risk Analysis.pdf.

Note that Indifference analysis can also be employed for issues such as project life against a key variable for the project cost.

Note that Sensitivity analysis can be used to test the validity of the cost model used for the project in case of changes in key variables such as construction costs etc.

Utility theory is probably best suited to assessing the impact of specific risks where both the probability of its occurrence and expected impact can be modelled.

There must be an overall critical attitude / conclusion on whether the Quantitative Analysis makes a convincing case for the project, in light of the alternatives present in the literature. To be clear, those alternatives are i) to build a complete new airport or to expand at Stansted or Gatwick and ii) make more use of provincial airports.

There must be proper, costed (£), rigorous analysis within this section.

Section 3 (Technical Risks) + Section 4 (Economic Risks) + Section 5 (Political Risks)

Word Count Distribution: 250 words per section.

Content of Sections 3, 4 and 5: each section should contain: i) a short introduction and ii) a conclusion; and, most importantly, each section should mostly be made up of a completed ‘Qualitative Risk Assessment Pro-Forma’. See below:

Proforma for a Qualitative Risk Assessment
Reference No: Date:
Potential risk: Importance of Risk:
(a brief description of the risk) Probability High/Low() Consequence High/Low()
Stage of the project affected by this risk:
(the stages of the project that could be expected)

Statement of risk:
(the elements of the project that could be affected)

(the factor that could cause it to occur)

(any relationship or dependency on other risks)

(the likelihood of occurring)

(how it could impact)

Project: Heathrow Airport Expansion Client: Heathrow Airport Ltd Risk Analysed by: Joe Bloggs

There should be one or two pro-formas for each category of risk identified (i.e. technical, economic or political).

*The most important risk will be Grade 1 that is high probability and high impact. The least important will be Grade 4 risks that are low probability and low impact. Grade 3 risks are low probability high impact while Grade 3 risk is high probability low impact.

Section 6 – Risk Response

Word Count Distribution: 500 words.

Content of Section 6: this section should focus on the response to the Qualitative Risk (i.e. the technical, political and economic risks identified in the report).

There are four things that can be done to respond to identified risks

Attempt to reduce or eliminate them (must specify how);
Insure against the risk;
Transfer all or part of the risk to another party;
Retain all or part of the risk.

There are a number of things that can reduce risk in design and construction:

Avoiding innovative technology;
Reduce reliance on imported documents;
Value management;

There are a number of things that can reduce economic risk:

Currency hedging / no imported components;
Interest rate coupon swap: one party exchanges an obligation for payment of interest at a floating rate basis to payment at a fixed rate. The other party does the reverse.
Have contractors procure performance bonds / warranty bonds to incentive their performance or PCGs from smaller contractors;
Setting aside contingency (i.e. estimating and budgeting for risks which may materialise).

Procurement strategy / derisking:

Change / selection of contracting strategy to de-risk project (i.e. contractor to take all design and build risk, passing maximum risk to contractor; or cost-plus where client takes all risk but contract price may be lower in the beginning at least).

All of the above must be dealt with / computed in this section.

Slide Presentation – PowerPoint

This should simply be a summary of each section of the report and the key findings / recommendations from each.

250 words.

References

These should be a final section (section 7 / reference list) in the report. Harvard is the necessary styling.

The references should be to the documentation attached – papers have been uploaded for review / reference ‘Heathrow Literature.zip’.

250 words.

which change has not been successful in the fast-food sector which is stated in the literature review

The below , shows what is required as part of the conclusion limitations , and recommendations list .

Questions:

Theme 1- Questions relevant to theme are : 1, 4 5, 9
Theme 2- Questions relevant to theme are : 2,, 3, 10
Theme 3- questions relevant to theme are : 6,7,8

1- Conclusion – – which is change has not been successful in the fast-food sector which is stated in the literature review attached.

Restate the problem – which change has not been successful in the fast-food sector which is stated in the literature review

Summarise key points

Implications of the research

Relate back to the literature review and the authors, does the results agree or disagree?

The research cannot be generalisable universally as it is specific to the fast-food sector
Sample size was small and not everyone got a chance to participate it they did the results could have differed or provided a different viewpoint
Study is subject to bias to some extent as the results were my interpretations

Discussion-

What do the results mean these are 3 distinctive themes theme 1 communication in reference to a results the emotions behavioural , and resistance to change can occur,
Engagement – the results for engagement
Theme 3 – time constrains from the results

from the results my debate is communication may not be as effective as the results depicted on the theme 1 that individuals are very well communicated and explained, however ,it is clear the communication and explanation is not so effective despite 60% saying it is, probable cause is they may not thoroughly understand it as the issue of achieving the organizational targets through the use of new system process as a result of covid-19 were implemented is still causing issues prompt emotional and behavioral and resiatnce issues

3- results from an employee engagement perspective show that employees are engaged as they would go the extra mile and changes in the organisation create benefits and value, but if individuals do not understand effectively the concept of these changes how can they be engaged, it could be due to the covid-19 epidemic due to loss of jobs, or thought they may get into trouble for being honest , individuals may have been worried about losing their jobs in such a climate of uncertainty,hence why this is why the results depicted what they did in theme 2 and they understand

Theme 3- depicts that employees are not part of the decision-making process, they don’t have time to implement the new changes which mean prone to error as the literature reflects time is key and is key in sustaining and successfully implementing change to which the hypothesis of time given to understand them and adapt to the change is proven, and internal related to this hypothesis 2 is also confirmed as giving the time, it will enable to measure the processes of change and senior stakeholders can intervene as when required to ensure change implementation is successful, this interlinks with employee emotions and behaviour to change .

The theory of Kurt Lewin in contrast to my findings supports 2 of my hypothesis of giving time and intervening as when required which is similar to the Kurt Lewin theory

Recommendations:
Recommendations to be given to the fast food sector on each theme from a 1-Senior manager level line managers are the tactical aspect and then from a employee perspective.
To ensure success the collective effort of senior middle and employee Has to be bought in by the orgnisation to gain the commitment of all three stakeholders , otherwise the change will not work.

Is that communication training is required for senior management – deliver the vison effectively where message can be decoded by lien managers line managers – know their teams best thefore tranign in communication on how to deliver communication effectively so that the front line employees understand information very well and implement this effectively. From an employee perspective understanding communication training will enable to overcome barriers of communication to best understand and decode the message effectively.

On an engagement perspective , from a senior stake holder position – ensuring we have the right team members for the right roles and creating meaningful work and recognition on how their contribution matters . Line managers who provide the recognition , and employees who take on board the feedback and be consistent ina Achieving the organisational goals this also creates employee involvemtn and employee voice

Also to create time to impelemtn the changes senior managers can use the simple Kurt kewin change theory , and review regularly and invest in digital tools which will provide instant results of changes. From a line manager perspective they can provide 121’s which also creates time but enables change to be effective on communication and udnerstandign to enagemnt and creting time and managing it Fro an employee perective the participation and motivation is required.

conduct a critical evaluation of the process with the particular emphasis of lean principles and prepare a report for senior management

Assessment task
details and
instruc�ons
The Concept of the Assessment.
The assessment has been developed as an integral part of the module and
as one of the principal drivers to learning. The assessment has been
designed to align to the learning materials in being innova�ve and related
to the student’s workplace and/or profession. In all assessment ac�vi�es,
students are encouraged to apply what they have learnt to their own
(project or business) organisa�on (if available). The assessment will be on
the basis of the extent to which a student has been able to apply subject
material to gain new insight and create or envisage the start of new
innova�ons within the organisa�on or profession.
It is the inten�on of the module team that as much flexibility should be
allowed within the specifica�on of a project to allow students to nego�ate
a project brief that meets the academic requirements of the module. These
nego�a�ons should take the form of a discussion between the student,
Module Tutor and, where appropriate, the student’s employer.
Specifica�on of the project
Background – The Toyota Produc�on System and deriva�ve approaches
such as lean produc�on have contributed towards sustainable compe��ve
advantage for their adopters. New understanding and prac�ces for
designing, controlling and improving integrated design and produc�on
processes are at the heart of the Toyota Produc�on System.
Scenario – In rela�on to your own workplace and a project, with which you
are familiar, iden�fy a specific process. If you have no access at the
moment to a work context, please use scenarios given by the tutor as the
star�ng point – you can modify and expand these scenarios in such ways
that the applica�on of lean principles can be considered in more depth.
The process could be the requirements capture process, the design
process, the process of structuring and managing the produc�on system,
or some other process system that is clearly iden�fiable within your
business. For the iden�fied process system conduct a cri�cal
evalua�on of the process with the par�cular emphasis of lean principles
and prepare a report for senior management that addresses the following
issues:
• Rehearsal of the lean principles
• Critical evaluation of the current process
• Development of a target process / system based on consideration
of alternative approaches

What are ‘cortical columns’ and how have they influenced our understanding of brain structure and function?

General:

The highest marks were awarded if essays showed evidence of critical thinking, excellent structure, answering the question as set and with clarity, an appreciation of detail reported in original research papers, without significant inaccuracies or deviation into irrelevant areas, and wide reading beyond the reading list. Marks were also awarded for accuracy. Essays were based on one question per topic, but there were themes running through the course across different lectures, and marks were also awarded to essays which attempted to combine appropriate information from different lectures.

Marks were frequently lost for the following reasons: Poor structure (e.g. no introduction or conclusion); logic often didn’t follow between sentences and/or paragraphs; irrelevant source material; insufficient explanation of certain concepts; links between paragraphs needed; insufficient clarity caused by erroneous use of English.

1. What are ‘cortical columns’ and how have they influenced our understanding of brain structure and function?

2. How do the main types of antidepressant medication, starting from those first used, up to the present day, work? Describe their actions on neurotransmitters and discuss their limitations as a treatment.

3. Some philosophers and researchers claim that it is not possible to explain mental states in terms of brain states. Others claim the opposite. Contrast and evaluate the arguments made by those on each side in this debate

4. Cortical networks in the primate brain are said to be hierarchically organised. Discuss the organisation of EITHER the visual OR the motor cortical network, and explain why its properties are hierarchical.

5. What have the sizes of brains and brain areas revealed about the way that the brain has evolved?

submit an individual Research Proposal (1000 words excluding references – reference list is not included in the 1000 words).

Research Proposal (Individual Assessment).
The word limit is 1000 words (+/- 10%).
You are required to submit an individual Research Proposal (1000 words excluding references – reference list is not included in the 1000 words).

The research proposal will need to include key elements/sections and will inform the basis for a systematic review dissertation.

The elements/sections to include (in the order highlighted below);

⦁ A brief introduction to a chosen topic along with links to literature key policy, current literature (400 words).
⦁ A specific research question
⦁ Clear aim & objectives
⦁ Why methodological frameworks are used?
⦁ Use of PICO or PEO (support choice as to why).
⦁ A Reference list (Using Harvard Referencing).

Additional information and guidance are provided below relating to the different sections of the Research Proposal. Please present your Research Proposal using the appropriate headings.

Introduction

The introduction should demonstrate an understanding of the issue/topic. The paragraphs you include should outline the topic of your study and introduce your reader to the dissertation. It is advisable to write this section upon completion of thorough reading of relevant literature, as at this point you will be aware of what you are introducing. You should provide background information of your research topic, provide an analysis of key issues and ensure that your work is appropriately supported.

As the dissertation is based on reviewing the existing material available on the topic you need to be sure that there are sufficient academic sources you can draw on to answer your question.

Research Question

Getting the research question focused is crucial to a high quality dissertation. The research question is simply the question you intend your study to answer. If the question is too broad, unclear, has too many sub-parts or contains reference to something so obscure, you will find it very difficult or impossible to answer and you will end up with a final dissertation that is ambiguous and potentially disjointed. A dissertation with a research question that does not relate to your final discussion will appear incoherent so remember to repeatedly re-visit your dissertation research question, aim and objectives.

Aim & Objectives

The aim should be realistic and clearly explain what you hope and intend to achieve by having produced the dissertation. Please ensure that you refine your dissertation to one broad aim that is then fulfilled by individual objectives.

The objectives are the research steps you take to achieve the aim. The objectives have to relate to your overall aim and you should continually re-visit your aim and objectives throughout the execution of your work. Keep the objectives concise and restricted in number. Long lists of objectives result in (or from) confusion and often do not get done.

Why methodological frameworks are used

This should include an overview of specific frameworks and why they are appropriate within the topic/issue you have selected. You maybe undertaking a qualitative or quantitative study therefore it will outline what approach/framework is suitable.

PICO or PEO(including information to support your choice). Examples are provided below.

PICO
Before you start your search, it is important to have a well-built question. One way to construct a well-built question is to use the PICO model. PICO stands for patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes. 
Patient/Population Intervention Comparison Outcomes
Who is your patient?
⦁ Age, sex, race or patient
⦁ Primary problem
⦁ Health status What do you plan on doing for the patient?
⦁ Diagnostic test
⦁ Medication
⦁ Procedure What alternative are you considering?
⦁ Another test, medication or procedure
⦁ Watchful waiting What do wish to accomplish?
⦁ Accurate diagnosis
⦁ Relieve or improve symptoms
⦁ Maintain function

PEO
PEO is another framework that is especially useful when investigating a prognosis or likelihood of developing a certain condition as a result of a pre-existing condition or exposure. 
Patient/Population:  how would you describe the patient or population of interest? 
Exposure:  what pre-existing conditions does the patient/population have or what has the patient/population been exposed to?
Outcome:  the outcome of interest; unlike in PICO, the outcome is almost always used in the search terms with the PEO framework

References (using the Harvard Referencing style)

Further Information
Allwritten work must be accurately referenced using the Harvard Referencing System, which is available via the University of Sunderland Library site. The guide to Harvard Referencing is called ‘Cite Them Right’. Please familiarise yourself with this system and if you have problems with referencing, please ask me for help. Please ensure that you check your grammar frequently, consider the structure of the sentences and paragraphs and ensure that your work is original and written in your own words. There is additional information relating to the issue of Plagiarism (and how to avoid it) within the Module Handbook.

Presentation of your work as well as the content will count towards your final mark. Please make sure your written work is neat and well-presented before your final submission. Written assignments should be typed in no smaller than 12pt. Arial font and 1.5 spaced. Please ensure your name and the module code is clearly visible on the front sheet of all written work. Please do not add borders or any other decorative elements to your work. It is acceptable that your reference list is in single space format.

Any specified word limit should be adhered to. You will not be penalised if your work is either 10% under or over the specified limit. However, if you exceed these maximum word counts you will have marks deducted proportionally, after your work has been marked. For example; a 1,500-word essay should be no less than 1,350 and absolutely no more than 1,650 words. If you write much less than 1,350 for a 1,500 word essay you would disadvantage yourself. If you exceed the maximum word limit you will have marks deducted as a proportion of the amount exceeded.