Critically analyse the risks you would envisage in looking at a fast-food manufacturing company in terms of signing off an audit.
Question 2 – 500 words
Critically analyse the risks you would envisage in looking at a fast-food manufacturing company in terms of signing off an audit. Look specifically at areas where the greatest risks lie and make suggestions as to how they can be negated.
Notes – look at this from an auditor point of view, what would you look at and what would you consider? For example, sell by dates, sourcing issues, increase in costs due to economic issues such as current war and post covid. Are they complying with minimum wages and employment laws? Also consider risks from internal point of view, staff thefts/fraud and internal controls.
As an external auditor, list the information that you would want before meeting the internal audit or management team. What pre-audit preparation would you undertake to ensure you understood the complexities and materiality of the business and ultimately the audit.
Audit Assignment 2
Question 1 – 500 words
As an external auditor, list the information that you would want before meeting the internal audit or management team. What pre-audit preparation would you undertake to ensure you understood the complexities and materiality of the business and ultimately the audit. Explain how this information will be used and what cross check you can use.
Notes – for example look at previous years accounts/prev audits. Look at economy and sector and any issues/trends.
produce a literature review that will consider an aspect of patient care related to end of life care.
Assignment Brief Written Assessment Year 2 (NUR2000)
Assessment Title:
A Literature Review of an evidence-based aspect of patient care with a focus on end of life.
Assessment Format:
A written literature review with a 3000 NOTIONAL word count. Notional word count means you can be under or over this word count without a penalty on word count alone. However, remember this has to satisfy the standards required for level 5 (See marking criteria – Module Handbook on Bb p7-8) and the learning outcomes. When work is too long it is usually too descriptive. When too short, there is not enough content. Learning outcome 10 is requesting Demonstrate the ability to write concisely to a brief. Considering all this try to keep to the 3000 words Quality not quantity is what is valued.
Assessment Brief:
Students will produce a literature review that will consider an aspect of patient care related to end of life care. Any aspect of end of life care can be considered. Some examples include, advanced care planning, communication skills, medications, interventions, views of relatives, training and education, etc. Students will complete a literature review of the available evidence. Included in this work will be evidence of the student’s literature search (a search strategy) including the search terms (A search strategy table) used as an appendix.
Learning Outcomes:
Learning Outcome 1: Demonstrate a critical understanding of research methods, ethics, and governance in providing evidence-based care.
Learning Outcome 7: Demonstrate an evidence-based understanding of end of life care.
Learning Outcome 10: Demonstrate the ability to write concisely to a brief.
Preparation
Timetabled teaching and learning activities within the NUR 2000 curriculum and from UniSkills regarding literature searching and using databases
A presentation study support guide
Support from personal teachers and assessment lead
Formative assessment opportunities within the NUR 2000 curriculum
Independent investigation of the topic area
Visiting learning services and Catalyst support outside of the timetabled session
Level 5 written marking criteria.
Student Guidance:
The written assessment will be in the form of a literature review. This method of assessment will help to build upon skills you have started to develop in year 1, however, for year two, this is NOT an annotated bibliography (Please do not think about reproducing something similar for this assessment).
A literature review has been selected at level 5 as this method will allow you to consider a wealth of evidence in relation to a specific topic. Evidence-based practice is recognised by the NMC as being vital for effective and safe person-centred care. It is vital that nurses are equipped with the skills to consider the available evidence – literature reviews are one way of achieving this.
There are different types of literature review, but they all aim to consider a specific aspect of practice and if there are any gaps in the evidence where further research is required.
What do you already know?
- Consider how to search for journal articles/academic books
- Consider how appropriate an article is for the subject being written about
- Edge Hill University Harvard Referencing and where to access support with this.
- Consider how to write in an academic style and where to access support with this.
What you will learn from completing a literature review? - Advanced Literature searching using specific key terms
- Using search terms which can enhance/limit your advanced literature search.
- How to present literature reviews.
- Demonstrate a critical understanding of research methods, ethics and governance in providing evidence-based care.
- Demonstrate an evidence-based understanding of end of life care.
How do I start?
Please see the NUR 2000 written assignment study support guide presentation (This can be found on blackboard)
- Consider the information regarding end of life care that you find particularly of interest. This does not have to be related to your specific field but can be if you wish. Some possible examples are (but not limited to):
- Communication issues
- Advanced Care Planning
- Specific patients e.g. Cancer, Learning disabilities, dementia, males/females, elderly/child etc
- Place of death
- End of life medications and prescribing
- Training and education
- When you have selected you chosen topic of interest you will need to narrow this down to a more specific research question or focus. This can be a question that the search of the literature will help to answer or could be a presentation of the available evidence in a particular area. Some possible examples are (but not limited to):
- Child patients and preferred place of death in end of life care
- Benefits and obstacles of shared decision making in end of life care
- End of life care and pain control with people who have dementia
- End of life care and patient’s preferred place of death and the effect this has on relatives
- Nurses’ attitudes towards communicating with patients in end of life care.
- Consider some key words or phrases that are related to your focus. This will help you to search for the related literature using an academic database/search engine and using the Boolean search terms e.g. AND, OR, NOT you can search for relevant literature to help frame your discussion. Ensure you keep this information as you will use it as an appendix (Search strategy table) for your assignment. This will demonstrate that you have used the databases appropriately using the correct search terms. (see information on blackboard and Uni Skills session for more information).
A suggestion for how you could present your search strategy table in the appendix:
Search Strategy Table
Database Search Terms Limits Results Articles Used
PubMed
Search 06/02/22 End of Life Care OR Death OR Dying OR Terminally Ill AND Dementia OR Alzheimer’s disease OR Palliative care AND Therapeutic interventions OR strategies English language only
Peer Reviewed
Full Articles
Time period – 01/01/15 – 31/01/22 844 12
CINHAL
Search 06/02/22 End of Life Care OR Death OR Dying OR Terminally Ill AND Dementia OR Alzheimer’s disease OR Palliative care AND Therapeutic interventions OR strategies English language only
Peer Reviewed
Full Articles
Time period – 01/01/15 – 31/01/22 375 8
I have my literature – What next?
You will now need to read and evaluate your sources – there are some tools to help you do this (see blackboard and UniSkills resources). It may be worth considering:
What is the focus of the research and the key message?
What are the research processes within the study i.e. What was its design? i.e. Quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods. Is there evidence to suggest that the method was suitable? What is the study sample population, type, size. When study was conducted?
What evidence suggests that this study is robust?
Does the study identify research ethics, ethical approval, research governance?
Do the findings offer new insights?
Are there other literature/ studies that agree or refute these findings?
Once you have done this you may start to see some key themes emerging. i.e. do few studies indicate nurses’ attitudes are supportive? If so, this can form a theme.
You may decide develop themes and discuss the relevant studies under those theme headings.
Suggested Assignment Structure:
Introduction: As with all assignments you will use this section to introduce your review by integrating the learning outcomes and introducing the topic that you have chosen to discuss – what is the research question or what is the focus of this review?
Search Strategy: A brief discussion surrounding how you searched for the literature (signpost the reader to your appendix here. Your appendix should contain your search strategy table).
Main Body (Discussion): Using the literature you have gained from the search, critically discuss the research methods within the study and the research ethics and governance. Provide literature evidence to critique the research process. You will also need to analyse the findings and using the wider evidence-based literature to support or refute the studies findings.
At Level 5 you need to show evidence of analysis and evaluation in your writing to meet the learning outcomes. This means the discussion should not be limited to describing each study in order. You need to try and link studies and information where possible (either because it supports or refutes others) and be critical about how they have been conducted – consider what makes the study reliable or not.
Conclusion: Draw conclusions based on your discussion above and if applicable/possible you can suggest possible ideas for future research in this field.
Reference list
References should be arranged in alphabetical order. Please follow the Harvard referencing system as per Edge Hill University guide.
Appendix
The search strategy table should be here.
Write a research paper based on the following topic: Can food education improve diabetes type 2 in Asian female aged 30-50 ?
Topic:
Can food education improve diabetes type 2 in Asian female aged 30-50 ?
7 pages + well-structured + cited references
Description
This is a research proposal only and we don’t do the actual research. The references should be used from
CINHAL and MEDLIN which are reliable sources. The 3 litreture to be critically reviewed should be from these
sources otherwise would not be acceptable .2300 word for literature review.
I am sending an example and the word count for the whole essay.
A 6000-word literature review project, which critically analyses and evaluates one aspect of professional practice relevant to Mental Health Nursing.
Topic: A literature review of nursing handovers and the effectiveness of improving patient care.
Assessment Details
TYPE OF ASSESSMENT: Literature Review
DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENT: A 6000-word literature review project, which
critically analyses and evaluates one aspect of professional practice relevant to
Mental Health Nursing.
You are required to:
• Use literature relevant to your own area of professional practice (Mental Health
Nursing).
• Demonstrate a thorough and systematic understanding of research
• processes and critiquing skills throughout the review and present the
• findings in a critical, coherent and structured manner.
• Develop and utilise information and communication technology in order to
maintain an understanding of recent innovations and developments in care
• Based on evidence outlined, evaluate professional practice in the context
• of multi professional and client centred care in order to identify professional,
legal and ethical implications.
• You are to use between 10 -12 primary research.
• Research question (PICO)
• Your project will be marked against the Level 6 grading criteria.
PROJECT PRESENTATION REQUIREMENTS:
Page Numbering: Pages should be numbered, 1 onwards from first page of text
(after abstract), in the centre and at the foot of each page and should continue to the
end, including appendices.
Paper size and spacing: A4 paper to be used, typed on one side only,
Reference list- please ensure line spacing between references; Appendices- single
line spacing if possible.
There should be
a) A title page, which contains the title of the review, your student I D number,
the degree for which the project is submitted and the date of submission,
word count, School of Health Sciences
b) An abstract of no more than 200 words (not included in word limit) which
includes an outline of the topic reviewed, the scope of the review in terms
of breadth of the literature search, a summary of the main issues
addressed and arising, conclusions drawn and recommendations for
further investigation, and practice development.
c) Acknowledgements to organizations, funding bodies (if appropriate),
supervisors, advisors and others who have contributed to the review.
d) A table of contents with chapter headings and sub-headings, references,
and appendices.
e) The main review, divided into appropriate chapters, references, and
appendices (see below).
The Literature Search The literature search was performed using?
What was your inclusion and exclusion criteria?
How did you determine the process of elimination? this needs to be clearing discussed as to
why some papers were included and some not.
The focus of your search is literature articles. You should be demonstrating how different
papers were included and excluded.
When your key papers are identified, you then move to doing the matrix by using the CASP
tool.
Following this you will identify key themes which will help your answer your research
question. Chapter 2 should be discussion of the key themes that came out of your search.
The following chapters should be included:
Chapter 1. Introduction
This section should outline the rationale, aims and objectives of the review.
Background information to the topic reviewed should be provided. The
topic/question should be clearly introduced and set within the theoretical /
philosophical context of your area of study. For example, how does it relate to the
degree studies you are undertaking? Why is it necessary to undertake the
review? Key writers in the field must be included to provide a contextual
background for your review
The aims and objectives for your review must be clearly stated.
Parameters set for the literature search should be explained (e.g. time limits
relating to the year of publication of the papers reviewed, and language limitations
relating to the search, databases searched, key words used and hits achieved).
N.B –Allocate approximately 200 words to the parameter section of this chapter
Key search terms used (and where relevant MESH terms), including combinations
should be identified; the databases searched, and number of hits achieved should
be provided. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the studies considered for
the review should also be identified. (This can be tabulated and placed within the
appendices if required).(Chapter 1 – approximately 1000 words).
Chapter 2. Critical Review of the Literature
This chapter should be organised according to the themes. Such themes should
emerge from the primary research gathered for your review and should be
discussed individually. In order to make this manageable it is likely that you will
have a minimum of two and a maximum of 3 themes or trends; where more
themes emerged you will discuss this in your introduction and give a rationale for
why you’ve chosen the themes selected for discussion.
When discussing your themes, you will necessarily make reference to the studies
you selected for inclusion in your review. However, you should also draw on wider
literature to determine whether the same themes/trends are apparent – this helps
you to demonstrate that you are able to synthesise and apply your knowledge.
Relevant research-based evidence should be described and critically discussed.
The quality of the discussion is particularly important. You should attempt a critical
analysis, which is both coherent and balanced.
You are required to demonstrate a thorough and systematic understanding of
research processes by clearly identifying strengths and weaknesses of
methodologies/approaches used by authors whose work have been reviewed.
The chapter should end with a summary (Chapter 2. approximately 4000 words).
Chapter 3. Conclusion
Your conclusion should begin by summarising the key issues that led to the review
and the themes that arose. Based on your discussion in chapter two, you should
now be able to draw some overall conclusions within the context of your
professional practice. Implications and recommendations for future practice
should also be identified. The limitation of the review needs to be acknowledged.
(Chapter 3. Approximately 1000 words).
References
All materials must be correctly and completely referenced according to accepted
School of Health referencing system.
Appendices -Must include:
1- A matrix which provides an overview of individual research papers reviewed.
2- Supervision record of contact time with your allocated supervisor.
3-Your presentation slides
4-Any material pertinent to, but not immediately necessary to the review, may
be included as an appendix (but be sparing)
Critically reflect upon and review the processes involved in undertaking the project from both a personal and team perspective
Management Consultancy
Coursework 2 requires students, individually; to submit a personal reflective report on their learning experiences (3000 words). Such a personal report would be expected to include issues such as group dynamics, handling the host organisation and evaluation of key learning points for future development. The individual report will require the student to contextualise the individual and group learning process with relevant conceptual frameworks.
Assessment weighting: 50%
Learning Outcomes:
- Critically reflect upon and review the processes involved in undertaking the project from both a personal and team perspective
- Identify and evaluate the learning gained from the project process and relate it to their future personal and professional development
Assessment Guidance (Things to reflect upon)
How was the group 4 formed and organised; (Can you apply Tuckman’s model to your experience?)
How was the evaluation of strategy completed? (Any criticisms of the models applied?)
Was there any evolution of roles within the group as the task progressed, and if so, why were they needed? (Could you apply a leadership theory to understand this?)
How were relationships/ conflicts within the group handled, any issues here? (Could you apply the Thomas-Kilmann strategies to help broaden your understanding?)
What problems arose during the project and how were they resolved? Could they have been handled any differently? (What does the literature on problem solving say?)
What have you learned from this process? Have any development needs been identified? Would you do anything differently next time, and why?
Assessment Criteria
Has an appropriate reflective model (e.g. Rolfe or Gibb’s) been used correctly and effectively?
Have theoretical concepts and frameworks (literature) been applied in the reflective analysis?
Has the analysis resulted in suitable developmental actions? (Action plan)
Is the report well structured, of appropriate length, free from spelling and grammatical errors, and including a bibliography?
Critically evaluate how an online retailer could organize its logistics activities to ensure that customers located within an urban area can place and receive orders for goods on the same day.
Topic:
URBAN LOGISTICS AND SPEED OF DELIVERY OF GOODS
Description
Modern urban logistics places growing emphasis on speed of delivery in getting goods to the end customer.
Critically evaluate how an online retailer could organize its logistics activities to ensure that customers located
within an urban area can place and receive orders for goods on the same day.
MINIMUM 25 REFERENCES , ARIAL SIZE 12, NUMBERED BOTTOM RIGHT
Identify the current level of risk perception within the supply chain of the chosen Industry.
Topic:
DRIVERS OF SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK AND THREAT PERCEPTIONS
Description
Globalisation and outsourcing, while providing opportunities for growth and profitability, have exposed many
supply chains to unprecedented levels of risk in the last few years including the disruption caused by Covid-19.
Awareness of supply chain risk is crucial for firms to effectively manage their supply chains. ‘Supply Chain Risk
Management’ (SCRM) has emerged as a focus area for many supply chain managers in various surveys in the
last few years. This was particularly true during 2019-21, where international supply chains of many companies
from various industries were subjected to continued disruption. The failure to respond adequately during the
Covid-19 disruption has exposed the inadequacy of their SCRM strategies. In this regard, choose an industry of
your choice and address the following supply chain risk management issues afflicting the industry.
(A) Identify the current level of risk perception within the supply chain of the chosen
Industry.
(B) Analyse the existing supply chain risks and the operational impacts of those risks on the firms in the chosen
industry.
(C) Based on your understanding of the drivers of supply chain performance, investigate what risk mitigation
approach or approaches would have been deemed useful against the supply chain risks caused by Covid-19 in
the chosen industry.
Also, discuss the cost-benefit analysis of the chosen approach or approaches.
( arial font size 12 , REFERENCE SOURCES FROM REPUTED AUTHORS AND JOURNALS ONLY
AVOID PUBLIC DOMAIN SITES SUCH AS WIKIPEDIA )
Explain the role of the marketing plan within the context of the organisation’s strategy and culture and the broader marketing environment (ethics, corporate social responsibility, legal frameworks, and sustainability).
Strategic Marketing
Main Objective of The Assessment
The individual coursework intends to assess the following learning outcomes:
- Explain the role of the marketing plan within the context of the organisation’s strategy and
culture and the broader marketing environment (ethics,
corporate social responsibility, legal frameworks, and sustainability). - Develop SMART marketing objectives and plans based on a critical evaluation of the
organisational context and of the market and the competition. - Synthesize sources of appropriate marketing information and marketing research
requirements for the strategic marketing decision. - Define and use appropriate measurements to evaluate the effectiveness of strategic
marketing plans and activities.
Description of the Assessment
You are to assume the role of a marketing analyst or marketing consultant, and you have been
approached by an SME based in the UK (approximately, hiring no more than 500 employees, with
an annual turnover less than £50 million), which are keen to adopt at least two of the United
Nation’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs, (https://sdgs.un.org/goals) as their
organizational objectives. They would like you to help them do a marketing plan to establish and
maintain competitive advantages and to achieve these goals.
The marketing plan should address the key strategic marketing decisions they must make so that the
company can maintain sustainable competitive advantage and achieve its organizational objectives
while focusing on at least 2 of the SDGs. For example, a small/medium healthcare service can focus
on SDG 3; a small/medium city hotel can focus on SDG 7; a small/medium clothing manufacturer
can focus on SDGs 12; a small/medium gardening centre can focus on SDG 11; and so on.
Note: You should provide evidence to demonstrate that the SME in your coursework satisfies the
SME definition above and is UK-based. Both for-profit and not-for-profit organizations are
acceptable choices for this coursework.
Required Structure
The marketing plan should include the following components:
oExecutive summary 300 words maximum.
o Table of contents.
Section1: Introduction.
✓Briefly introduce “why the need for this marketing plan”, “what SDGs are relevant” and “what
strategic marketing decision(s) needs to be made.”
Strategic Marketing
Section 2: Marketing environment and internal resources
• ✓ !The SDGs and their relationship to this SME need to be elaborated and thoroughly
discussed.
• ✓ !The external environment, both macro- and micro-environment factors, and the internal
resources are discussed.
• ✓ !Appropriate performance metrics need to be chosen to demonstrate the challenges both
inside and outside of the organization.
2: Marketing environment and internal resources.
Section 3: Marketing objectives and recommended action plan
• ✓ !The objectives should be clearly explained. They must be SMART; i.e., the Specific
metrics should be chosen and justified (Measurable). The
plan to implement the recommendations should be Actionable. The metrics chosen and the
plan to achieve them should be justified as
appropriate and Relevant. The Timeline for the planned marketing activities should be as
specific as possible.
• ✓ !Although no data need to be presented to show the effectiveness of the marketing plan,
this section should explain what data sources and what data collection methods would be
used to arrive at the metrics, used in evaluating the effects of the plan.
Section4: Conclusion.
✓Be brief, 1-2 paragraphs. No new analysis, findings, or recommendations.
✓o References list.
✓Bibliography, sources used in the report. Harvard referencing style must be adopted
✓o Appendix.
✓Optional. Include only supplementary, succinct material. Strictly NOT to be used as an alternative
location for materials (e.g., tables, images, etc.) that should appear in the main text.
Throughout the marketing plan, choose to focus on at least three relevant and appropriate
marketing metrics. These metrics should be used to explain the strategic marketing situation, the
objectives, and the action plans.
Your marketing plan must be developed with a clearly argued rationale, based on academic
literature and real-world industry and market secondary information, to support your recommended
marketing strategies.
The marketing plan aims to assess the knowledge of strategic marketing management through
examining current developments in marketing practice of a real-world organization. It addresses the
subject of marketing at a strategic level, bringing in together modern-day marketing thinking and
Strategic Marketing
practice. The marketing plan is a systematic way of strategic decision making. The marketing plan
helps students develop detailed knowledge of strategic marketing management through the study of
the planning cycle, strategy, planning and control in the management of the marketing mix.
Length requirement
The coursework should not exceed 3,000 words.
• You should report the total word count in Sections 1 to 4; that is, from Introduction to
Conclusion.
• You should not count CBASS coursework e-coversheet, table of contents, executive
summary, references list, appendix (if any).
Typographic guidance
• Page setup: A4, normal 1-inch margins, 1.5 line spacing. Pages must be numbered.
• Headings and subheadings: Arial, Times New Roman, or Calibri; 11-point minimum.
• Body text: Arial, Times New Roman, or Calibri; 11-point, justified.
• All tables must be editable text-based, not images.
Apply tools of logical reasoning, graphical methods and mathematics to solve basic decision problems faced by consumers and firms.
Assignment 2
Tax revenue consequences from the 2021 new top personal tax rate
Peer Ebbesen Skov
ECON620 – Microeconomics: Markets and Welfare
Learning outcome 1:
Apply tools of logical reasoning, graphical methods and mathematics to solve basic
decision problems faced by consumers and firms.
Learning outcome 3:
Measure the social welfare generated by different market outcomes or Government
interventions.
Learning outcome 4:
Apply the “economic way of thinking” to a range of applications.
Learning outcome 5:
Present economic analysis in written and verbal form.
1
1 Background
On 30 November 2020, the New Zealand government enacted a new top personal income tax
rate of 39% on annual income exceeding $180,000 for the year ending 31 March 2022 (2022
tax year) and later income years. Part of the reason behind this new higher marginal tax
rate was a revenue objective (The Government needed to reduce the fiscal impact of higher
operating allowances).1
Table 1 below shows the tax schedule for each of the two tax years 2021 (column 2) and 2022
(column 3). The 2021 tax schedule includes four brackets with the lowest tax rate 10.5%
applied to income below $14,000 and the highest 33% tax rate applied to income above
$70,000. The 2020 reform introduced a new, fifth, income bracket and tax rate whereby
income above $180.000 is taxed at 39%.
Tax Rates by Income Bracket for 2021 and 2022
ddIncome Bracketdd dddTax Rateddd dd2021 Tax Yeardd dd2022 Tax Yeardd
$0 – $14,000 t1 10.5% 10.5%
$14,001 – $48,000 t2 17.5% 17.5%
$48,001 – $70,000 t3 30% 30%
$70,001 – $180,000 t4
33% 33%
$180,001 – t5 %39
In the following case study, you are part of a small consultancy group that are asked to
predict the revenue implications of this new tax bracket and rate: how much (extra) revenue
will the Government collect.
1See page 10 (Labour’s 2020 Election Manifesto).
2
Part A: Stylised Illustration of a Tax Reform
Consider a simple two-bracket tax system with a marginal tax rate t1 on pre-tax income (z)
below a threshold K and a marginal tax rate t2 > t1 on the income exceeding K. Illustrate
in a diagram (with pre-tax income (z) on the x-axis and after-tax income (c) on the y-axis)
the budget set created by the tax system. Show how the budget set changes when the top
tax rate (t2) is increased and explain the link between the marginal tax rate and the slope
of the budget line. Discuss how the increase in t2 could affect individuals’ labour supply
decisions.
[Hint: Chapter 2 Budget Constraints Workshop]
Part B: Tax Revenue Impact
The tax revenue from the new 39% top income tax (t5) is given by:
R = t5(z − K)N
where z is the average pre-tax income for the individuals above the threshold K (NZD
180,000) and N is the number of top threshold taxpayers. The associated excel data includes
the 2019 taxable income distribution, use those data to find N and calculate z. Predict the
total revenue collected from this new tax rate and bracket. How much additional tax revenue
is collected as a result of the new tax rate and bracket?
[Hint: Chapter 2 Budget Constraints Workshop]
3
Part C: Revenue Effects from Marginal Tax Changes
The effect of a marginal increase in (t5) on the government’s revenue can be expressed as2
:
dR
dt5
1
α
−
t5
1 − t5
ε
Nz, where α =
z
z − K
Estimates of the elasticity of taxable income ε suggest this parameter is equal to 0.15 (NB.
previous version incorrectly gave the ε as -0.15). Use your data set to calculate α and find
dR
(dt5)
(i.e. plug in all the parameters in the above formula and report the resulting dollar
amount). Provide an interpretation of α and comment on how dR
(dt5)
depends on α. Compare
and contrast the revenue consequences calculated in Part C with those in Part B.
[Hint: Chapter 8 Slutsky Equation Workshop]
2This derivation assumes that z depends positively on the after-tax rate (1−t5) with a constant elasticity.
The appendix shows the full derivation for completeness, however, it is not required to solve the question.
4
Appendix: Derivation of dR
dt
R = t(z − K)N
Assume that z depends positively on the after-tax rate (1 − t) with a constant elasticity ε.
dR
dt = (z − K)N + t
dz
dt N
Where the first component is the “mechanical effect” and the second is the “behavioural
effect”.
z − K
z
+
t
1 − t
dz
d(1 − t)
d(1 − t)
dt
1 − t
z
Nz
where we’ve used the chain rule to express dz
dt as dz
d(1−t)
d(1−t)
dt . Using d(1−t)
dt = −1 along with
the definition of the elasticity of taxable income (wrt. to net-of-tax rate) ε =
dz
d(1−t)
1−t
z
, we
obtain:
dR
dt = (z − K)N + t
dz
dt N
z − K
z
−
t
1 − t
ε
Nz =
1
α
−
t
1 − t
ε
Nz
5
