Explain how local mechanisms allow for the matching of ventilation and perfusion.
Explain how local mechanisms allow for the matching of ventilation and perfusion.
Explain the four stages of external respiration and identify the gradients (driving force) and resistance of each stage.
Explain the four stages of external respiration and identify the gradients (driving force) and resistance of each stage.
Compare the mechanism and effect of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers).
Compare the mechanism and effect of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers).
Explain how the vertical concentration gradient in the medulla and the concentration of vasopressin influences the volume and osmolarity of urine produced.
Explain how the vertical concentration gradient in the medulla and the concentration of vasopressin influences the volume and osmolarity of urine produced.
Discuss the effect of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone on blood pressure. (Be thorough, specific, and accurate).
Discuss the effect of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone on blood pressure. (Be thorough, specific, and accurate).
Compare the structure and function of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Compare the structure and function of cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
Compare the structure and functions of the major regions of the nephron.
Compare the structure and functions of the major regions of the nephron.
Using our core concept of homeostasis, explain how the kidneys are involved in controlling fluid osmolarity.
Using our core concept of homeostasis, explain how the kidneys are involved in controlling fluid osmolarity.
Using our core concept of flow-down gradients, explain the movement of glucose in and out of the nephron.
Using our core concept of flow-down gradients, explain the movement of glucose in and out of the nephron.
Compare tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity. List the average values for each volume and capacity.
Compare tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, residual volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity, and functional residual capacity. List the average values for each volume and capacity.
