Should the role of race and racism in infant mortality shape priority setting and the allocation of resources in public health? If so, why?

Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Health Management
and Policy Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor , Michigan , USA

This case is presented for instructional purposes only. The ideas and opinions expressed
are the authors’ own. The case is not meant to refl ect the offi cial position, views, or
policies of the editors, the editors’ host institutions, or the authors’ host institutions.

3.8.1 Background

Preterm births, the leading cause of infant mortality, are increasing annually worldwide
(World Health Organization 2012 ). The United State s shares company with Nigeria,
India, and Brazil among the top ten countri es with the highest numbers of preterm births
and ranks 31st among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
nations in infant mortality (OECD 2010 ). Within the United States, racial and ethnic
disparities in infant mortality remain entrenched and have increased (MacDorman and
Mathews 2009 ). U.S. health policy leaders have made the elimination of health dispari-
ties a top public health priority (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2011 ;
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2011 ). Infant mortality is an important
area of focus for eliminating disparities, both in its own right and because the rate of
infant mortality serves as an indicator of the nation’s health due to its association with
maternal health, social and economic conditions, racial discrimination, access to health
care, and public health practices (MacDorman and Mathews 2009 ).

During the twentieth century, U.S. infant mortality declined 93 % (MacDorman
2011 ). In 1900, about 100 infants died per 1000 live births. By 2000, that number
fell to 6.89. During the last half of the twentieth century, the rate of black infant
mortality dropped dramatically. In 1950, black infant mortality was 43.9 deaths per
1000 live births compared with 26.8 deaths per 1000 live births among whites
(Mechanic 2002 ). But by 1998 black infant mortality fell to 13.8 deaths per 1000
live births compared with 6.0 deaths per 1000 live births among whites. As these
numbers show, both groups made signifi cant absolute gains, with blacks gaining
more in absolute terms—a reduction of 30.1 for blacks and 20.8 for whites. Yet,
black infant mortality still remained about twice that of whites.

N. Daniels

85

These disparities have persisted in the twenty-fi rst century. In 2006, non- Hispanic
black women experienced the highest rate of infant mortality, with 13.4 infant
deaths per 1000 live births, while non-Hispanic white women had a considerably
lower rate, with 5.6 infant deaths per 1000 live births. Citing a 2006 report from the
National Healthy Start Association, MacDorman and Mathews ( 2009 ) report that
programmatic efforts to reduce disparities in black-white infant mortality have had
some successes at local levels, but eliminating the disparities is diffi cult.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services have prioritized both the elimination of health dispari-
ties and improvement in overall population health. These twin goals—one distribu-
tive, the other aggregative—are separate and sometimes confl ict (Anand 2004 ).
Increases in health disparities often accompany advances in aggregate gains in popu-
lation health (Mechanic 2007 ). Although this case is specifi c to the United State s, the
dilemma is not. Data show that signifi cant progress on child mortality has been made
in many countries but that this overall success is often coupled with increased
inequalities between advantaged and disadvantaged groups (Chopra et al. 2012 ). In
China and India, for example, disparities in mortality persist between boys and girls
younger than 5 years, a function of entrenched gender discrimination (You et al.
2010 ). These examples raise challenging questions about how ethically to assess
such cases and set priorities for the allocation of scarce public health resources.

3.8.2 Case Description

You serve as the director for the local health department in a racially segregated
urban city in the Midwest with one of the greatest concentrations of African
Americans in the United States. The city has a long history of civil rights activism
that led to protests and marches that ultimately empowered and mobilized black
communities and organizations. Your health department has a history of prioritizing
maternal-child health and the elimination of black-white disparities in infant mor-
tality in its programs, an investment of resources affi rmed by the city residents
through the department’s community outreach program and planning processes.

Chronic underfunding of public health, made worse by the economic downturn,
has resulted in drastic and unprecedented reductions in the public health budget. In
consultation with your staff and community board of health, you have raised the
possibility of redirecting resources from maternal-child health into other programs
based on a number of practical and ethical considerations. As with national statis-
tics, the city has seen signifi cant declines in black infant mortality, even as black-
white disparities remain. You note that although the maternal-child health programs
are cost-effective, their impact on reducing black-white disparities seems to have
stalled. Other programs appear to meet targets more consistently. To help support
these other programs, you note that allocating resources to more effective programs
provides more “health” per dollar, thus meeting the utilitarian demand to maximize
overall health, which many view as the primary goal of public health and health
policy (Powers and Faden 2006 ). In addition, although black-white disparities in

3 Resource Allocation and Priority Setting

86

infant mortality persist, blacks have made signifi cant gains, declining more than
whites in some decades. You note that remaining inequalities could be deemed ethi-
cally acceptable by some standard s of equity , such as the “maximin” principle .
Although this distributive principle is subject to interpretation (Van Parijs 2003 ), it
is generally understood to require that social and economic inequalities work to
benefi t society’s least advantaged groups. Thus, inequalities (even signifi cant ones)
are morally acceptable as long as the least advantaged have signifi cantly benefi ted
(Powers and Faden 2006 ).

The director of community outreach proposes that the health department not
make this decision unilaterally, but instead listen to community opinions on these
questions of priorities and fairness. He suggests that the health department collabo-
rate with community partners to host a series of public forums. He insists that a
topic of such historic and contemporary concern to the community must be subject
to public deliberation. Despite having a history of supporting community discus-
sions, you are concerned about the cost of community forums, noting that they will
drain resources from an already slim budget.

3.8.3 Discussion Questions

1. Have local health departments met their ethical obligations when community
health improves overall, but health disparities persist? If not, why not? If so, on
what grounds?

2. Is there something about infant mortality that makes it special in considerations
of fairness? If so, what is it?

3. Should the role of race and racism in infant mortality shape priority setting and
the allocation of resources in public health? If so, why?

4. On what grounds and how should you as the local health department director
make resource allocation decisions? What standard s—evidence, principle s of
justice , public opinion—should infl uence priority setting?

5. Should the community have a role in identifying community health priorities or,
more specifi cally, in providing input into allocation decisions that directly affect
them? If so, how should the community be involved and who represents the
community?

References

Anand, S. 2004. The concern for equity in health. In Public health, ethics, and equity , ed. S.
Anand, F. Peter, and A. Sen, 15–20. New York: Oxford University Press.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. About CDC’s Offi ce of Minority Health &
Health Equity (OMHHE). http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/OMHHE.html . Accessed 29 Apr
2013.

N. Daniels

87

Chopra, M., H. Campbell, and I. Rudan. 2012. Understanding the determinants of the complex
interplay between cost-effectiveness and equitable impact in maternal and child mortality
reduction. Journal of Global Health 2(1): 1–10.

MacDorman, M.F. 2011. Infant deaths—United States, 2000–2007. MMWR Supplement 60:
49–51.

MacDorman, M.F., and T.J. Mathews. 2009. The challenge of infant mortality: Have we reached a
plateau? Public Health Reports 124(5): 670–681.

Mechanic, D. 2002. Disadvantage, inequality, and social policy. Health Affairs 21(2): 48–59.
Mechanic, D. 2007. Population health: Challenges for science and society. The Milbank Quarterly

85(3): 533–559.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2010. OECD health data:

Infant mortality. https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/infant-mortality-rates.htm . Accessed 25 May
2015.

Powers, M., and R. Faden. 2006. Social justice: The moral foundations of public health and health
policy. New York: Oxford University Press.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2011. HHS action plan to reduce racial and
ethnic health disparities. http://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/npa/templates/content.
aspx?lvl=1&lvlid=33&ID=285 . Accessed 25 May 2015.

Van Parijs, P. 2003. Difference principles. In The Cambridge companion to Rawls , ed. S. Freeman,
200–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

World Health Organization (WHO). 2012. Born too soon: The global action report on preterm birth.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241503433_eng.pdf . Accessed 29 Apr 2013.

You, D., G. Jones, T. Wardlaw, and M. Chopra. 2010. Levels and trends in child mortality, 1990–
2009. Lancet 376(9745): 931–933.

3.9 Case 5: Priority Setting in Healt h Care: Ethical Issues

M. Inés Gómez and Lorna Luco
Centro de Bioética, Facultad de Medicina
Clínica Alemana–Universidad del Desarrollo
Santiago , Chile
e-mail: [email protected]

This case is presented for instructional purposes only. The ideas and opinions
expressed are the authors’ own. The case is not meant to refl ect the offi cial position,
views, or policies of the editors, the editors’ host institutions, or the authors’ host
institutions.

3.9.1 Background

The Chilean Sy stem of Guarantees in Health—created by law in 2004—aims to
establish guaranteed health care interventions in health promotion, disease and
injury prevention , diagnosis and treatment , rehabilitation and palliative care
(Ministerio de Salud 2004 ). The law mandates that public and private insurers pro-
vide the resources needed to protect the public against excessive health-related

3 Resource Allocation and Priority Setting

Case Study: A Middle-Aged Caucasian Man With Anxiety. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

Case Study:

https://cdn-media.waldenu.edu/2dett4d/Walden/NURS/6630/DT/week_05/index.html

Examine
 Case Study: A Middle-Aged Caucasian Man With Anxiety. You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.

At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.

Introduction to the case (1 page)

· Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.

Decision #1 (1 page)

· Which decision did you select?
· Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
· Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.

Decision #2 (1 page)

· Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
· Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.

Decision #3 (1 page)

· Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
· What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
· Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.

Conclusion (1 page)

· Summarize your recommendations on the treatment options you selected for this patient. Be sure to justify your recommendations and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
References:
· Stahl, S. M. (2021). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (5th Ed.) Cambridge University Press.
· Chapter 8,  “Anxiety, Trauma, and Treatment” (pp. 359-378)
· American Psychiatric Association. (2010a). 

Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
Links to an external site.
. https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/acutestressdisorderptsd.pdf

· American Psychiatric Association. (2010c). 

Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder
Links to an external site.
 (2nd ed.). https://psychiatryonline.org/pb/assets/raw/sitewide/practice_guidelines/guidelines/panicdisorder.pdf

Identify your selected film, including writer, director, year of release, and genre. Describe the ways in which your chosen film has impacted society or how it has called attention to a particular social issue (i.e., politically or culturally, positive or negative).

You are encouraged to incorporate writing from your Week 2 and Week 3 assignments only after you have reflected on your instructor’s feedback and revised the relevant parts of the essays accordingly. Additionally, refer to the outline template in the Week 4 assignment. As you are incorporating your previous work, be sure to consider the broader requirements and context of this assignment, especially regarding film as a medium of social commentary. Do not simply cut and paste material but rather use it as a building block to construct a new paper addressing this prompt’s requirements.
This final film critique is your opportunity to combine the previously addressed elements from Weeks’ 2 and 3 papers into analyzing one film and how it might influence society or shine a light on a social issue.
Please choose a film from this 

List of Approved Films

 Download List of Approved Films
. Review the 

Week 5 Sample Paper

 Download Week 5 Sample Paper

.

Note: You should watch your chosen film twice—once to ensure that you have grasped the storytelling and once more to specifically analyze scenes, techniques, and elements of the film for your paper. If you would like to write about a film not listed, you must contact your professor to request approval in advance or you may not receive credit for this assignment.

Write: 

In your introductory paragraph,
· Identify your selected film, including writer, director, year of release, and genre..
· Summarize the film in which you apply your knowledge of the difference between the film’s story and its plot.
· Describe one of the broad theories you have learned about in class (auteur theory, genre theory, formalist theory) that you will use to analyze your film in this paper.
· Develop a thesis statement that describes how the specific elements of your chosen film work together to communicate themes relating to a particular social issue.
· Visit the 

Writing a Thesis Statement

Links to an external site.
 resource from the UAGC Writing Center.

In the body of your paper,
· Analyze your selected film using one of the broad theories you have learned about in class (auteur theory, genre theory, formalist theory).
· Evaluate the use of three specific techniques and design elements employed in the film as they contribute to the overarching narrative, theme, and social commentary of your chosen film. This can include elements of mise-en-scène (e.g., lighting, sound, composition of frame, costuming, etc.) and editing (e.g., cuts and transitions, shots used, angles, etc.).
· Describe the ways in which your chosen film has impacted society or how it has called attention to a particular social issue (i.e., politically or culturally, positive or negative).
In the conclusion of your paper,
· Draw connections between each element of your chosen film and how they contribute to the film’s overall stance on a particular social issue, if it is effective in doing so, and why addressing this issue is necessary to society.
 
Final Film Critique: Film and Social Resonance Analysis final paper
· Must be five to six double-spaced pages (1500 to 1800 words) in length (not including title page and references) and formatted according to 

APA Style

Links to an external site.
 as outlined in the Writing Center’s 

APA Formatting for Microsoft WordLinks to an external site.

· Must include a separate title page with the following:
· Title of paper in bold font
· Space should appear between the title and the rest of the information on the title page.
· Student’s name
· Name of institution (The University of Arizona Global Campus)
· Course name and number
· Instructor’s name
· Due date
· Must utilize academic voice. See the 

Academic Voice

Links to an external site.
 resource for additional guidance.

· Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.
· For assistance on writing 

Introductions & Conclusions

Links to an external site.
 and 

Writing a Thesis Statement

Links to an external site.
, refer to the Writing Center resources.

· Must use at least three scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
· The 

Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources

Links to an external site.
 table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source.

· To assist you in completing the research required for this assignment, view the 

Quick and Easy Library Research

Links to an external site.
 tutorial, which introduces the University of Arizona Global Campus Library and the research process, and provides some library search tips.

· Must document any information used from sources in APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center’s 

APA: Citing Within Your Paper guide.

Links to an external site.

· Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA Style as outlined in the Writing Center. See the 

APA: Formatting Your References List

Links to an external site.
 resource in the Writing Center for specifications.

Film I chose is Boyz n the hood

What role do you think psychologists can play in promoting preventive interventions and helping individuals stay healthy? How can their expertise contribute to addressing challenges and obstacles to maintaining a healthy lifestyle?

 In response to your peers, please aim for at least one paragraph that provides additional information, a different perspective, or a follow-up question related to their post. Maintain a respectful and supportive tone, acknowledging and appreciating their contributions. The goal is to engage in a collaborative learning environment, allowing everyone to explore the topic further and deepen their understanding of the subject matter. 
 
1#  I think it is pretty important for psychologists to treat and help people stay healthy in many scenerios. While I don’t believe that psychologists should be primary care doctors or anyhting, I think that they can be very helpful in noticing and helping prevent future problems that may arise that are noticed during sessions. They should always be trying to promote healthier routes for their clients and suggest changes that may help them out in the long run. When the health problems seem to stem from psychological related issues is I think when it is really important for psychologists to be able to truly try and help out. 
       There can be numerous things that make it hard for people to try and stay “healthy”. Many people may feel like they lack the time to go out and be active and try and stay in shape, while others may feel like trying to be healthy is just too much and overwhelming. (Alexander 2020) These can have negative affects on the mind and make it hard for people to stay healthy or even try to in their standards. Being in a state of learned helplessness may only make matters worse because someone may not even try to make changes when it is entirely possible to. Things so simple as just taking a walk can be difficult as they don’t feel like they can control anything that happens to them. 
       Some things that I like to do to try and stay healthy and in shape are going for brisk walks around sunset right after I eat dinner, and taking some time for myself mentally at the end of each day, or in the morning before I begin my day. These help me feel more in control of what I do and make me feel as if I have purpose and self care in life. Another thing I do to try and stay healthy is join some recreational adult sports leagues to just keep in shape and have fun while doing it. 
 
2# Psychologists play a crucial role in treating mental health problems and promoting overall well-being. Additionally, their efforts to prevent problems and help people stay healthy are equally important. One research article that supports this idea is “The Prevention of Mental Disorders in School-Aged Children: Current State of the Field” by Fazel, Hoagwood, Stephan, and Ford (2014). The article highlights the significance of preventive interventions in schools to address mental health issues among children and adolescents. Challenges to staying healthy can vary among individuals, but two common obstacles are lack of motivation and limited access to resources. Motivation can diminish when individuals feel overwhelmed or lack a clear understanding of the benefits of healthy habits. Limited access to resources, such as healthy food options or safe exercise environments, can also hinder efforts to stay healthy. Learned helplessness can indeed make it harder to stay healthy. When individuals believe they have no control over their health outcomes, they may feel discouraged and less likely to engage in healthy behaviors. This mindset can lead to a lack of initiative to make positive changes and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Another obstacle to staying healthy is the presence of unhealthy environmental cues. Surroundings that promote unhealthy habits, such as easy access to junk food or a sedentary lifestyle, can undermine efforts to stay healthy. The constant exposure to such cues can create a challenging environment that makes it harder to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors. To stay healthy, individuals can consider incorporating two strategies: regular physical activity and maintaining a balanced diet. Engaging in regular exercise has been extensively studied and shown to have numerous physical and mental health benefits. It can help manage weight, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, improve mood, and enhance overall well-being. Similarly, maintaining a balanced diet that includes nutrient-rich foods supports optimal health and can prevent various health conditions. Practicing mindfulness meditation is a strategy that many people find beneficial for their well-being. Research suggests that mindfulness meditation can reduce stress, improve focus, and enhance overall mental health. Numerous studies have shown its effectiveness in reducing anxiety, depression, and improving overall psychological well-being. Every individual’s experiences may vary, and it’s always recommended to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice.
Question: What role do you think psychologists can play in promoting preventive interventions and helping individuals stay healthy? How can their expertise contribute to addressing challenges and obstacles to maintaining a healthy lifestyle?

Compare and contrast differences and similarities among the disciplines in terms of central concerns, values, methodologies, and relationships to public life.

Essay
Your first research essay should be a fully completed work of 5 pages (
Body Paragraphs, NOT including Title or Reference Page, or any graphics). Your topic may be related to the development of any idea that has already been expressed as part of the course; your thesis should be a synthesis of carefully documented research and critical analysis of this topic. The essay should incorporate the general parts of an academic essay—an introduction and thesis, a body of specific evidence/support/analysis, and a conclusion that emphasizes the answers to questions you may have asked within your research.

Your writing should address the Core Learning Outcomes of the course and the Instructor Specific Learning Outcomes, as specified on the syllabus. I have included them here for your convenience:
1. Analyze the disciplinary content in its own context and in relationship to the issues, questions, and positions of other disciplines.
2. Compare and contrast differences and similarities among the disciplines in terms of central concerns, values, methodologies, and relationships to public life.
3. Synthesize diverse perspectives to achieve an interdisciplinary understanding.
4. Analyze the relationships among academic knowledge, professional work, and the responsibilities of local and global citizenship.
5. Interpret and critique the possible “real world” connections or behaviors associated with the viewing or playing of media violence.
Instructor Learning Outcomes
1. Identify, discuss, and critique the representations of serial killers as heroes, celebrities, and icons in modern media forms. Explain the characteristics of the media forms, genres, and methods for each subject.
2. Describe and analyze the popular culture forms that encourage audience identification or participation through violence or vicarious experience.
3. Evaluate multiple perspectives, modes of inquiry and expression, and processes for decision-making in the disciplines.
Specifics
Your essay should conform to the MLA format for citations within the text and in your works cited. Therefore, your writing should be double-spaced, with one-inch margins, in a 10-12-pitch font. The grading of this essay will be based upon the objective skills we have focused upon in our course lectures and discussions—incorporating your research sources seamlessly within your own writing, building upon your skills as a “close-reading” expert, and analysis of your topic, and answering the larger questions about “why” we are studying serial killers as heroes (as well as, “why” your topic is popular? important? significant? worthy of study? definitive of its audience?)
Resources
You should carefully construct your essay by looking at the examples we have studied within our course—the popular culture essays that have been part of your reading assignments, our in-class examples, and the writing process that has been investigated in our class assignments (Reader Response Essays, Discussion Postings, etc.).

This is an enhanced, clearer version of the instructions from the Week 8 Module. Clarifications from me are in brackets/blue and important points are bolded. You should start planning this essay NOW to avoid stress and frustration. Working in “small bites” is always the best way to approach large projects.

Assignment

Paper: Your Final Research Essay should be a
fully completed work of 5 pages [
body only – NOT including Title Page, Sources, graphics/charts or other elements]. Your topic may be
related to the development of any idea that has already been expressed as part of the course [you can write about
anything –
your choice – as long as it’s
related to the class materials and topics. Think about what interested you particularly and if you have questions, send the idea to me and I’ll be happy to review it].

Ideas were provided for the
Midterm that would work here (though you
cannot
rehash your Midterm). You can choose from any of the materials/subjects from Weeks 1-7 for this essay, not only the first three weeks. Craft these example prompts in a way you want with the subjects you want and you will have a topic. You can, of course, develop your own topic and approach.

Example questions/topics from Midterm instructions:

· You may
compare and contrast the way
literary analysis would analyze 
Darkly Dreaming Dexter [or any novel]
differently than
a film analysis would be of the TV series [or movie].  How does Dexter’s “heroic” vigilantism bleed into the real world?

· You may
compare or contrast the film analysis of Alfred Hitchcock’s 
Psycho with the
medical or psychological diagnosis of Norman Bates.  Is it possible to learn from the film’s fiction to allow us to see a “real world” perspective on serial killers?

· How would a
criminal justice perspective on Hannibal Lecter differ from a
social psychological profile?  How does our academic knowledge change our viewing of the film? 

Other options could be analyzing how the movies/ TV series or novels were reviewed, analysis of characters or other elements, the connection between the fictional characters and real-life criminals (who were often the basis for the fictional characters), WHY the market for anything “serial killer related” is so huge or anything else you want to explore. Do not forget to start with a
Research Question about your topic, the
answer to which (through research) will be your
Thesis Statement.

Your
Thesis Statement should be a
synthesis of carefully documented research and critical analysis of this topic. Note that the Thesis Statement is an assertive
statement and
never
a question. The essay should
incorporate the general parts of an academic essay—an Introduction and Thesis, a body of specific evidence/support/analysis, and a conclusion that emphasizes the answers to questions you may have asked within your research.

Your writing should address the
Core Learning Outcomes of the course as specified on the syllabus.

I have included the Outcomes here for your convenience [include/demonstrate as many as you can]:
1.
Analyze the disciplinary content
in its own context and in relationship to the issues, questions, and positions of other disciplines.

2.
Compare and
contrast differences and similarities among the disciplines in terms of central concerns, values, methodologies, and relationships to public life.

3.
Synthesize diverse perspectives to achieve an interdisciplinary understanding.

4.
Analyze the relationships among
academic knowledge, professional work, and the responsibilities of local and global citizenship.

5.
Interpret and critique the possible
“real world” connections or behaviors associated with the viewing or playing of media violence.

Instructor Learning Outcomes:

1.
Identify, discuss and critique the representations of serial killers as heroes, celebrities, and icons in modern media forms. Explain the characteristics of the media forms, genres, and methods for each subject.

2.
Describe and analyze the popular culture forms that encourage audience identification or participation through violence or vicarious experience.

3.
Evaluate multiple perspectives, modes of inquiry and expression, and processes for decision-making in the disciplines.

Specifics

Your essay should conform to the
MLA format [I’ll also accept APA – just make sure you don’t mix the styles] for
citations within the text and in your
Works Cited [or Reference]
Page. Therefore, your writing should be double-spaced, with one-inch margins, in a 10-12-pitch font. The grading of this essay will be based upon the objective skills we have focused on in our course lectures and discussions—incorporating your research sources seamlessly within your own writing, building upon your skills as a “close-reading” expert and analysis of your topic, and answering the larger questions about “why” we are studying serial killers as heroes (as well as, “why” your topic is popular? important? significant? worthy of study? definitive of its audience?)

Resources

You should carefully construct your essay by looking at the
examples we have studied within our course—
the popular culture essays that have been part of your reading assignments, our in-class examples, and the writing process that has been investigated in our class assignments (Midterm Essay, Discussion Postings, etc). [You can include any of the sources I’ve posted in
Discussion or
Doc Sharing or any other
credible sources you find on your own]. Below are links to information on the two styles:

MLA

APA

A company wants a program that will calculate the weekly paycheck for an employee based on how many hours they worked. For this company, an employee earns $20 an hour for the first 40 hours that they work. The employee earns overtime, $30 an hour, for each hour they work above 40 hours. Example: If an employee works 60 hours in a week, they would earn $20/hr for the first 40 hours. Then they would earn $30/hr for the 20 hours they worked overtime. Therefore, they earned: ($20/hr * 40hrs) + ($30/hr * 20 hrs) = $800 + $600 = $1400 total. For this assignment, you must create pseudocode and a flowchart to design a program that will calculate an employee’s weekly paycheck. Write pseudocode to design a programming solution by outlining a series of steps and using appropriate indentation and keywords.

IT140Module3Assignment.rtf

IT 140 Module Three Assignment Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
As programs become more complex, it becomes increasingly important to plan or “design” your code before writing it. Designing your code will help you organize its logic. It will also help you keep track of the different possibilities that your program needs to handle. Two tools that programmers use to design their code are flowcharts and pseudocode. You have learned about these tools in the module resources. In this assignment, you will complete a simple flowchart and pseudocode to design a programming solution for a specific problem.
Prompt
Problem: A company wants a program that will calculate the weekly paycheck for an employee based on how many hours they worked. For this company, an employee earns $20 an hour for the first 40 hours that they work. The employee earns overtime, $30 an hour, for each hour they work above 40 hours.
Example: If an employee works 60 hours in a week, they would earn $20/hr for the first 40 hours. Then they would earn $30/hr for the 20 hours they worked overtime. Therefore, they earned: ($20/hr * 40hrs) + ($30/hr * 20 hrs) = $800 + $600 = $1400 total.
For this assignment, you must create pseudocode and a flowchart to design a program that will calculate an employee’s weekly paycheck.
Write pseudocode to design a programming solution by outlining a series of steps and using appropriate indentation and keywords. As you write your pseudocode, be sure to consider the following:
What input does the computer need?
What steps does the program need to follow to process the input? What output should result?
When might you need to use decision branching? If you used decision branching, did you account for all possible input values?
Did you use appropriate indentation and keywords (such as IF, ELSE, CALCULATE, and so on) throughout your pseudocode?
Create a flowchart to design a programming solution by organizing a series of steps and using appropriate symbols and arrows. As you create your flowchart, be sure to use appropriate arrows and symbols for each of the following:
Start and end points
Input and output
Decision branching
Processing steps
Note: You may find the correct shapes to create your flowchart on the Insert menu in Microsoft Word. Or you may draw your flowchart by hand, take a clear picture, and insert the picture into your Word document. Use the
add shapes or
insert pictures tutorials to help you. You could also use a flowcharting tool that you are familiar with, such as Lucidchart, if you prefer.
What to Submit
Submit your pseudocode and flowchart in a 1- to 2-page Microsoft Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins.

Business research and decision-making week 5

Business Research Report Analysis
This assignment builds upon your work in all previous units.
Chapter 14 of the textbook provides an overview of the business research reporting (oral and written).
When researching, the final step is to answer a business question or resolve a business problem and to report findings, conclusions drawn, and recommendations regarding the research question or resolution to the research problem. The report is provided in writing and sometimes presented orally to the person or group sponsoring the research.
The Marketing Vice President (VP) was tasked to answer this question: What new smartphone feature should be included in the following product release to increase interest in the company’s smartphone products?
A research design was created, and the data have been collected and analyzed. The Marketing VP and team have reviewed the analysis from Unit 4 and now need to create a written report.
Prepare a business research report for the company’s executive management team that includes the following:

The methods and processes used in the research study
Findings from the data analysis
Conclusions that can be drawn from the findings
Recommendations for the new feature that should be included in the next phone release (based on specific findings in the data analysis and the conclusions drawn from the analysis)

Ethical and Legal Considerations
Be sure to consider in the report the ethical and legal implications of adding the feature to the smartphone products.
Support for Recommendations
Make a case for your recommendations by integrating information from cited reputable sources in the fields of business, supply chain, or marketing research, in addition to specific data analysis results.
Deliverable Requirements
Your business research report analysis should be 25 pages in length (5 pages/unit = 25 total) as an accumulation of all the pages from previous units. Be sure to cite your sources using APA properly; include your references and in-text citations.
Submitting your assignment in APA format means, at a minimum, that you will need the following:

Title page: Remember the running head. The title should be in all capitals.
Length: 25 pages minimum
Body: This begins on the page following the title page and must be double-spaced (be careful not to triple- or quadruple-space between paragraphs). The typeface should be 12-pt. Times Roman or 12-pt. Courier in regular black type. Do not use color, bold type, or italics, except as required for APA-level headings and references. The deliverable length of the body of your paper for this assignment is 25 pages. In-body academic citations to support your decisions and analysis are required. A variety of academic sources is encouraged.
Reference page: References that align with your in-body academic sources are listed on the final page of your paper. The references must be in APA format using appropriate spacing, hanging indent, italics, and uppercase and lowercase usage as appropriate for the type of resource used. Remember, the Reference page is not a bibliography but a further listing of the abbreviated in-body citations used in the paper. Every referenced item must have a corresponding in-body citation.

Real due | Nursing homework help

Name: Linda McCarthy
Age: 86 years
Provider: K. Townsend MD
Codestatus: DNI
BMI: 24.1
Allergies: penicillin, atorvastatin, red dye, latex
Admitweight: 145 lbs (65.8kg)

Linda McCartchy had a rough night. She was pretty restless and only slept two hours.
This morning she was having an issue with her hearing aids not working. They kept
whistling. I went to change the batteries, but she was out of them. Her family will be
bringing them in later today.

Nursing Assessments and notes

11/1
0700

Neuro/Cognitive: Alert and oriented to person and place. She intermittently
confused and called staff by the names of her children. Speech raspy. 4/5
strength in all extremities.
Cardiovascular: S1 and S2 heart sound present. Heart rate regular and even.
No edema was noted. Pedal pulses +2, radial pulses +3. Capillary refill less
than 3 seconds.

Respiratory: Even, regular, unlabored. Lung sounds wheezing through all
lung fields. Chronic dry cough. Wears 2 L via nasal cannula chronically.

Gastrointestinal: BS present x 4 quadrants. Abdomen soft, non-distended,
non-tender. Last bowel movement 2 days ago.

Genitourinary: Occasional stress incontinence.

Integumentary: Scattered bruising. Various stages of healing.

Sensory: Hard of hearing. Wears hearing aids and glasses.

11/1
0730

ADLs: Independent with utensil holders
Activity: Ambulated 100 feet with a roller walker

11/1
0830

Nursing Note: Client resting quietly in bed. Looking out the window, not
responding to staff prompts for verbal interaction. Moves all extremities
appropriately. Morning medications were administered without difficulty. Able
to state name but unsure of her birthday. Up in the hall with physical therapy.
Shuffling gait with use of a rolling walker.

11/1
1100

Nursing Note: RN called to bedside. The client stated that the staff took her
favorite earrings. Earrings were found in the client’s tissue box at the bedside.

11/1
2015

Nursing Note: Client evening hygiene offered. The client begins yelling, “No!
No! No!” as staff offer to assist with teeth brushing and denture care. Attempts
were made to deescalate the client and place her hearing aids so that she
could hear the conversation. The client begins attempting to hit and bite staff.
Client sitting in bed. Staff leave room to reduce stimulation.

11/1
2015

Neuro/Cognitive: Alert, oriented to self only. She believes it is 1965 and that
there are strangers in her house. Client calling out for her mother. Extremely
hard of hearing with hearing aids in place.

11/2
0700

Nursing Note: The client is awake in bed, staring around her room, rubbing
her eyes, and frequently yawning. Noted to have redness and purulent
drainage from right eye. Provider notified; prescriptions received.

11/2
0900

Nursing Note: Appetite poor, ate 5 small bites only, Drank a cup of juice.
Weight down. Will encourage protein supplement drinks between meals.

Date Intake Source & Amount

11/1 0700 Oral 240 mL

11/1
0900

Client Information:
Medical History: Presbyopia, bilateral cataracts, Alzheimer’s dementia,
hearing loss, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, ambulatory
dysfunction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Medications:
? Rivastigmine 6 mg by mouth twice daily
? Lisinopril 20 mg by mouth daily
? Ezetimibe 10 mg by mouth daily
? Simvastatin 40 mg by mouth daily
? Docusate sodium 100 mg by mouth daily
? Polyethylene glycol 17 g by mouth daily – diluted in 8 oz of beverage
? Duloxetine 60 mg by mouth daily
? Artificial tears 1-2 drops into eyes PRN for dry eyes
? Oxygen 2L/NC PRN for difficulty breathing

11/2 0730 Prescriptions:
? Ciprofloxacin ocular ointment 0.5-inch right eye three times

daily

What are the differences between the ads from other countries and the United States? What are the similarities between the ads from other countries and the United States?

BeautyStandards.docx

Beauty Standards

So often, it is easy to think that everyone else sees the world in the same way that we do. It is often a surprise when we discover the differences.

Resources

Internet search engine such as google, yahoo, etc.

The Prompt

For your initial prompt on this discussion board, please use the internet to research current advertisements from other countries around the world, and compare these ads to those we see in the United States.  You will need to respond to the following three questions, at a minimum.
What are the differences between the ads from other countries and the United States?
What are the similarities between the ads from other countries and the United States?
How are beauty standards portrayed in advertising different when comparing other countries to the United States?
Please reference your ads at the end of your post.

Discussion Forum Grading Criteria

The Discussion Forum (DF) represents your class participation.  Your performance will be evaluated on the quality of your initial input and then on your responses to other students input.  It is highly suggested that students post their responses early in the week in order to allow students to have someone to respond to. Failure to post your initial response to the question by
 Friday will result in -10 points per day for each day after. 
For instance if you make you main post on Sunday, and respond to two classmates with all of the requirements met, the highest grade that you can earn is a 70 for that particular discussion board.

Quality primary input–
Your initial post will count as 80%.  Primary input should be  thorough and direct and posted no later than Friday. Quality primary input should be complete, thoughtful, and well-developed responses that are substantive and may contain specific text references.  Students should refrain from personal opinions unless it is based upon objective facts. It must be detailed; at least two paragraphs (5-7 sentences each). If there is more than one part to a question, you must answer all parts of the question.

Provide a brief summary of your chosen project that includes a beginning and an end, results in something being delivered to someone requires a series of activities that must be done to complete the project and requires resources.nd

 Overview
This is the first of three assignments that, as a whole, will cover all aspects of the project life cycle relevant to your selected project. You will select your project to use throughout the remaining assessments allowing you to build on your project plan from beginning to end.
Scenario
Provide a brief summary of your chosen project that includes a beginning and an end, results in something being delivered to someone requires a series of activities that must be done to complete the project and requires resources.In addition, the project should?meet the key criteria of a project, such as:

Has?a beginning and an end. (For example, the project begins on January 15 and ends at midnight on January 30).
Results in something being delivered to someone (ensuring your end-user agrees with expectations and you deliver those expectations).
Requires a series of activities that must be done to complete the project (develop WBS with timelines and deliverables).
Requires resources (e.g., people, materials, training, or tutorials) to complete the work.

Note: You are prohibited from using projects that can be found on the Internet, including projects found in places like CourseHero. All project submissions are submitted to SafeAssign for review.
Instructions
Write a 2-3 page paper in which you define the scope of your chosen project. In your paper you must:

Provide a brief summary of your chosen project that includes a beginning and an end, results in something being delivered to someone requires a series of activities that must be done to complete the project and requires resources.
Describe at least three project goals or objectives. All goals or objectives should provide information on how you will confirm whether the goals or objectives can be met.
Describe the key customers and at least two?stakeholders for your project. Remember, you are delivering the project to your customers; however, there are others (stakeholders) who have a vested interest in your project.
Describe at least three key milestones and three deliverables for your project and describe what makes them key.
Create a depiction of a high-level timeline that includes key tasks and deadlines.
Provide timelines for each milestone and identify potential roadblocks and mitigation efforts. Include rationale for the chosen timeline and potential roadblocks to meeting deadlines.
List each of the project’s key staffing and non-staffing resources needed and their estimated costs along with an estimate for the overall cost of the project. All estimates should reflect current market pricing.
Use at least three sources to support your writing. Choose sources that are credible, relevant, and appropriate. Cite each source listed on your source page at least one time within your assignment. For help with research, writing, and citation, access the?library?or review?library guides.

This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). The library is your home for SWS assistance, including citations and formatting. Please refer to the Library site for all support. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:

Evaluate corporate strategy and the project life cycle phases to define the project and initiate a project plan.