Explain the relationship between personal integrity and ethical leadership, and between ethical leadership and positive organizational outcomes.

 
Prepare an 8-10 slide PowerPoint presentation for a group of managers. Explain the relationship between personal integrity and ethical leadership, and between ethical leadership and positive organizational outcomes. Explain the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice and how these principles guide ethical health care leadership practices.
Introduction
As you prepare for your career, it is important to build a foundational understanding of the basic ethical theories directly related to health care management. It is important to infuse ethical knowledge and principles throughout an organization to effectively address challenging situations in all aspects of management, leadership, strategic planning, and decision making.
You should also understand the relationship between personal value systems and ethical management practice. The concept of moral integrity is a basis for professional actions and leads to positive business outcomes. Of course, there are personal ethical challenges that might present barriers in maintaining long-term, consistent success as a moral leader; therefore, the development of a personal moral compass and ethical bottom line can be useful in guiding your career.
Autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice are examples of the ethical principles most commonly used by health care leaders in organizational management planning, problem-solving, and decision making. Effective managers refer directly to these ethical principles for preventing and resolving issues related to all aspects of business.
While these principles appear to be relatively easy to define, the challenge for health care leaders is in their appropriate application. An effective leader develops knowledge, understanding, and skills in ethical leadership through observation, practice, and reflection on experiences and outcomes. The constant, and often profound, changes in our health care system create continuous learning opportunities to develop moral leadership qualities and skills. Each sector of the health care system presents different needs and situations related to each of the ethical principles, although some applications are universal.
Preparation
Suppose the health care organization where you work has determined that most employees are unclear about the differences between ethics and morality, and professional ethics and personal ethics. As a mid-level manager, you have been asked to develop and present a lunch-and-learn session on ethics for other managers within the organization.
Review the resources provided and conduct your own search for scholarly and professional resources on ethical principles and theories. Find at least three authoritative resources you can use to support your work on this assessment.
The format for this assessment is an 8–10 slide PowerPoint presentation. Please use the notes section of each slide to expand the points on the slide. Be sure your presentation is appropriate for the audience and presents the required aspects clearly. Follow APA guidelines for any in-text citations and your references. You must include a title slide and a references slide. You do not need to record yourself giving the presentation.
Instructions
Prepare an 8–10 slide PowerPoint presentation for managers in a health care organization. Include the following:

Explain the relationship between personal moral integrity and ethical leadership in health care. Be sure you also consider how these concepts differ and the role of health care managers in ensuring that ethics are an integral element in their leadership.
Explain the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice.
Explain how these principles guide health care leadership practices.
Explain the relationship between ethical health care leadership and positive outcomes for the organization.

Additional Requirements

Include a title slide and references slide.
Number of slides: 8–10.
At least three current scholarly or professional resources.
APA format for citations and references.
Consider the target audience and feel free to be creative.

Note: The assessments in this course build upon each other, so you are strongly encouraged to complete them in sequence.
Competencies Measured
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the course competencies through the following assessment scoring guide criteria:

Competency 1: Explain how ethical theories and principles influence health care organizational management practice.

Explain the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice.
Explain how ethical principles guide health care leadership practices.
Explain the relationship between ethical health care leadership and positive outcomes for the organization.

Competency 3: Examine the role personal moral integrity plays in ethical leadership practice.

Explain the relationship between personal moral integrity and ethical leadership.

Competency 4: Communicate ideas effectively.

Correctly format citations and references using current APA style.
Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics 

The Business Research Library Guide and Health Care Administration Undergraduate Program Library Guide can help direct your research.
If you are unfamiliar with working with PowerPoint, please review the Microsoft Office Software tutorials.
Voices of Integrity.

Listen to the interviews with Kristopher Vlosich and Randall Kilgore. 

Forrestal, E. J., & Cellucci, L. W. (2016). Ethics and professionalism for healthcare managers. Health Administration Press.

Jeong, C., & Han, H. (2013). Exploring the relationship between virtue ethics and moral identity. Ethics & Behavior, 23(1), 44–56.
Jansen, L. A. (2013). Between beneficence and justice: The ethics of stewardship in medicine. Journal of Medicine & Philosophy, 38(1), 50–63. 
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). National Center for Ethics in Health Care. http://www.ethics.va.gov/integratedethics.asp
American College of Healthcare Executives. (2016). Ethics toolkit. http://www.ache.org/abt_ache/ethicstoolkit/ethicsTOC.cfm
World Health Organization. (2015). Global health ethics: Key issues [PDF]. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/164576/1/9789240694033_eng.pdf
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics. (2014, December 19). Introduction to bioethics: Bioethics at the bedside [Video]. | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3I0SxI2grM&list=PL9Vn7DAzOnmjvMkB7coxPfcVNt7Hhu0Rs&index=1
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics. (2014, December 19). Introduction to bioethics: Bioethics & justice [Video]. | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vxRs_poQwU&index=3&list=PL9Vn7DAzOnmjvMkB7coxPfcVNt7Hhu0Rs
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics. (2014, October 1). Rebecca Kukla on Autonomy, Georgetown University (1/6). [Video]. | Transcript. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hWVLS_xK7Ag
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). A brief business case for ethics [PDF]. https://www.ethics.va.gov/docs/integratedethics/A_Brief_Business_Case_for_Ethics_in_Health_Care.pdf 
Morrison, E. E. (2020). Ethics in health administration: A practical approach for decision makers (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. Available in the courseroom via the VitalSource Bookshelf link.

Discuss the implications of a biblical worldview and Christian philosophy for practical application to the overall field of education.

EDLC 504
Biblical Worldview Paper Assignment Instructions

Overview

The
Biblical Worldview Paper Assignment is course-embedded into every degree program in Liberty University’s School of Education (SOE). Its purpose is to carry out LU’s mission to provide an education with a solid Christian foundation and to ensure that every SOE program completer understands the implications of a biblical worldview for the field of education. While there are other assignments that require candidates to write a personal philosophy of education, that is not necessarily the intent of this particular assignment. The goal of this activity is for candidates to accomplish the following:

· Convey an understanding of what is meant by a biblical worldview.
· Support and illustrate this understanding by citing the Bible and other literature on the topic of biblical worldview.
· Apply principles of a biblical worldview to educational practice.
· Articulate key components of a Christian philosophy of education, citing from the Bible and other literature on the topic of Christian philosophy of education.
Because the SOE embeds this assignment into every degree program—i.e., bachelor, master, education specialist (Ed.S.), and doctorate (Ed.D)—it is likely that candidates who earn multiple degrees from LU’s SOE will be required to complete the assignment multiple times. Especially in the Ed.S. and Ed.D. degrees, the Biblical Worldview Assignment may be required for more than one course. Candidates who are required to complete the assignment more than once may resubmit the initial assignment but are encouraged to revise as needed. For example, expectations for undergraduate and graduate writing levels are different; therefore, the composition of the paper may need to be strengthened with the repeated submission. Also, check the assignment directions and rubric to ensure that you are meeting the present course’s specific requirements.

Mission of Liberty University: This assignment advances LU’s mission by promoting “the synthesis of academic knowledge and Christian worldview in order that there might be a maturing of spiritual, intellectual, social and physical value-driven behavior” and by encouraging “a commitment to the Christian life, one of personal integrity, sensitivity to the needs of others, social responsibility and active communication of the Christian faith, and, as it is lived out, a life that leads people to Jesus Christ as the Lord of the universe and their own personal Savior.”

Instructions

Write a 4-page paper in current APA format that conveys your understanding of what is meant by a biblical worldview and a Christian philosophy of education. Also, discuss the implications of these principles in their application to educational practice. Page length requirement begins with the introductory paragraph and ends with the conclusion; it includes neither the title page nor the reference page. An abstract is not required. In addition to the Bible, cite a minimum of four references that represent the body of literature supporting and explaining biblical worldview and Christian philosophy of education. No more than 10% of the paper is to include direct quotes; therefore, you should do much more summarizing and paraphrasing than quoting. Citations are required both for direct quotes and for summarized ideas drawn from references. The format of the paper is to include the sections below with headings that follow current APA format.
·
Title Page

·
Introduction

Present a strong, clear thesis statement. The focus of this paragraph is to introduce the reader to the thesis statement. The remainder of the paper should support and illustrate the main point(s) of the thesis statement.
·
Biblical Worldview

Based upon your readings of the Bible and literature on the topic of biblical worldview, convey a basic understanding of the elements of a worldview that is based distinctively on a perspective of life drawn from Judeo-Christian scriptures. Do not focus on the field of education in this section. A common error is for writers to neglect the discussion of a biblical worldview by focusing too much on the field of education, which is to be addressed in subsequent sections of the paper.
·
Christian Philosophy of Education

Based upon your readings of the Bible and literature on the topic of Christian philosophy of education, convey a basic understanding of the elements of an educational philosophy that is based distinctively on a perspective drawn from Judeo-Christian scriptures. Address metaphysical and axiological issues. Metaphysical issues relate to questions of meaning and purpose. Axiological issues relate to questions of values. Minimize the discussion of practical application to the field of education in this section. A common error is for writers to neglect the discussion of a Christian philosophy of education by focusing too much on the implications for educational practice, which will be addressed in the subsequent section.
·
Implications for Educational Practice

Discuss the implications of a biblical worldview and Christian philosophy for practical application to the overall field of education. Ensure that you discuss these implications for the field in general, but you may also proceed to specify implications for your particular area of interest. For example, if you are preparing to serve as a content area teacher, a special education teacher, an administrator, or a school counselor, you may—after addressing implications for the overall field of education—address implications for your area of service.
·
Conclusion

An effective conclusion affirms the thesis statement and leaves the reader with a clear idea of how thoughts in the paper fit together to make a specific point.
·
Reference Page

List here at least 4 references in addition to the Bible.

One your references is to be the course textbook.

Submission: Submit the document in the course submission area and in LiveText. It will not be graded until it is submitted in both locations. In the course submission area, the assignment will be checked by Turnitin for plagiarism. It will be graded in LiveText using the embedded rubric there.

View the
Biblical Worldview Paper Assignment Resources for additional information related to Biblical and Christian worldviews.

Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

Page 2 of 2

Examine how modern RDBMSs manage multiple concurrent user access to a database as well as how these RDBMSs manage online or real-time backup and recovery processes

Weighting:

Students in groups of four will design and implement a database that support a firm involved in various activities. It must have stored functions and procedures. The database can be accessed by a specific user with suitable security and authentication facilities.

Assessment addresses SLOs

b

Model, design and implement complex database structures (including databases distributed over a network) using a relational database management system (RDBMS)

C

Apply advanced SQL programming (often as a stored procedure) to fulfil complex data/information retrievals from an RDBMS

d

Develop and apply scripts and configure web server software as part of a Web database

e

Examine how modern RDBMSs manage multiple concurrent user access to a database as well as how these RDBMSs manage online or real-time backup and recovery processes

Marking Criteria

Please refer to Marking Rubric on Canvas

Assignment Requirements
Your group has started a small consulting services business in developing databases.
WIN Car rental services is a small business in Sydney. As the name suggests they are in the business of car rentals. They approached you to develop a database for their business. Till date they are using an excel file to manage their business. The excel file is attached with this assignment document. Have a look at it before you start working on the assignment.
The entities required for the database are as follows:
·

Customer
– customerId, lastName, firstName, address, postcode, state, phone, memberDate.

·

Insurance
– insuranceId, insuranceType, price

·

Vehicle
: rego, description, make, model, carYear, value, engineCapacity, odometer, purchaseDate, vehicleTypeId.

·

Rental
: rentalId, bookingDate, bookingMethod, checkout, rentDays, checkin, dueDate, odometerIn, damage, paymentId, rego, customerId, insuranceId.

·

VehicleType
: VehicleTypeID, VehicleType, Charge.

·

RentalCharge:
RentalID, Rent.

·

PayType
: Payment_ID, Pay_Type.

Along with the database files you were asked to submit other documentation as listed below:

Task 01:

A. ER Diagram in Crows Foot Notation. (Draw using Draw.io)
a. Primary keys and foreign keys must be identified.
b. All attributes must be identified.
c. All relationships (both directions) must be clearly listed.
B. Data dictionary (create in Excel)
C. Any other required information.

Task 02:

The following SQL files must be submitted.
A. SQL Statements to create the database and insert at least 5 records in every table.
· Create a database called “winCarRentals” that has all the above listed tables.
· Insert all the data shown in the excel file.
· Create a minimum of 5 customers. You four people and me.
· Create at least 3 rentals.
B. SQL statements to incorporate functions and triggers in the database.
· When data is inserted in the customer table, Customer MemberDate must be before or equal to the current date.
· When data is inserted in the vehicle table, Vehicle’s PurchaseDate, must be before or equal to the current date.
· When data is inserted in the rental table, rental booking date, checkoutdate must be after or equal to the current date.
· When a vehicle is checked in (the check-in filed is set to null when the record is created, when the vehicle is returned, check in date is set to the returned date), the rental must be calculated and stored in the rental charge table.
C. SQL statements to run a number of report queries.
· Write a query to print the list of customers who did not rent a vehicle.
· Write a query to display the cars that are currently on rent.

Submission Requirements
Students must submit their assignments through CANVAS shell. Email submissions will not be accepted.
Deliverables:
A Microsoft Word document containing the ER diagram and the data dictionary to answer Task 1.
Three SQL files ready to be uploaded to the WAMP server to satisfy Task 2.
All these files must be placed in a zip file and must be submitted through CANVAS.

** One submission per group is enough. All the group members do not need to submit the same files **

Wentworth Institute of Higher Education, 302 Elizabeth Street, Sydney http://www.win.edu.au/ Higher Education CRICOS code: 03279M
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What is the balanced-placebo design? Why is this superior to the traditional placebo design?

The Think Drink Effect, by: 
G. Alan Marlatt and Dammaris J. Roshenow 
We know him and try to avoid him at parties: the fellow who after a few drinks suddenly turns into a pawing letch or a would-be Sugar Ray. The belief that people become sexually aroused or aggressive after drinking is deeply entrenched, so much so that we suspect the lout at the party is just using alcohol as an excuse. He’s not really that far gone.
Before reading on, ask yourself what your own beliefs are about how alcohol affects you. Does it make you feel more sociable and extroverted, or more withdrawn? Do you believe alcohol makes you feel more relaxed? More or less sexually aroused? More prone to angry outbursts?
We now have the first solid evidence that psychological processes have a much—or more—to do with some drinking behaviors than do the physical effects of alcohol. In a series of experiments with a unique “balanced placebo” design, psychologists have shown that people will act in certain stereotypical ways when they drink, even if they are drinking tonic water but have been told they are drinking vodka and tonic. In other words, the think-drink effect is as dramatic as a placebo’s seemingly miraculous curative power. 
The studies strongly suggest that cognitive processes—our beliefs about how people are supposed to act when drinking—influence our reactions to alcohol in ways we have previously failed to acknowledge. For example:
· Men who believe that they have been drinking alcohol become less anxious in social situations even when they have not been drinking the real thing. Women, strangely, become more anxious. But both types of response are determined by expectation (beliefs, hopes, fears) about what happens when people drink.
· Many experts believe alcoholics develop a craving for liquor after just one or two drinks because a small amount of alcohol triggers a physiologically based addictive mechanism. However, studies show alcoholics experience the same craving after one or two placebo drinks. Even more surprising, alcoholics report little or no craving when they are given drinks containing alcohol that they believe are nonalcoholic.
· Men become more aggressive in laboratory situations when they are drinking only tonic but believe that it contains vodka. They also become relatively less aggressive when they think they are drinking only tonic water, even though their drinks actually contain vodka.
· Men also tend to become more sexually aroused when they believe they have been drinking the real thing—even when they’re not. Women report feeling more aroused when they believe they have been drinking alcohol, but curiously, a measure of their vaginal blood flow shows that they are physically becoming less aroused. 
Mental Set and Setting
Observers of various drug subcultures have frequently mentioned the role played by expectancy (mental set) and situational factors (setting) in a “high”. Andrew Weil, in his pioneering book The Natural Mind suggested that marijuana users did not need the substance to get high. “Pharmacologists do not understand,” Weil wrote, ” that all psychoactive drugs are really active placebos since the psychic effects arise from consciousness, elicited by a set and setting, in response to physiological cues. Thus, for most marijuana users, the occasion of smoking a joint becomes an opportunity or excuse for experiencing a mode of consciousness that is available to everyone all the time, even though many people do not know how to get high without using a drug.”
Because our exposure to drinking models present both in real life and in the media, we have come to expect that people will sometimes do things under the influence of alcohol that they would never do otherwise. Alcohol is frequently consumed in relaxed convivial settings in which sexual advances, for example, are appropriate. In this sense, alcohol acts as a cue for sexual behavior. The cue effects are the same regardless of the pharmacological properties of alcohol, as long as the people involved believe they are really drinking liquor.
Very little attention was paid to mental set and setting in early investigations of alcohol and other drug use by humans. Traditional placebo-drug studies were not able to isolate the pharmacological effects of a drug that were independent of expectancy. In a typical experiment, subjects were divided into two groups: expect drug/receive drug and expect drug/receive placebo. Since expectations could play a part in both of the conditions – all subjects expected the real drug – the chemical effects alone could not be measured with any certainty.
John Carpenter of Rutgers University first suggested the use of an “anti-placebo” procedure, in which both the placebo and the active drug could be administered under conditions in which the subject expects to receive an inert substance. Thus, the traditional two-group design was expanded in the 1960’s to include four alternatives: expect drug/receive drug, expect drug/receive placebo, expect placebo/receive drug, expect placebo/receive placebo. Using this balanced-placebo method, investigators for the first time could separate out the independent effects of psychological processes (beliefs about whether the substance ingested is active or inert) from the pharmacological properties of the drug (whether it is actually active).

In the early 1970’s, researchers in our lab at the University of Wisconsin and another group at Western Michigan University independently rediscovered the balanced-placebo design and applied it to studies of drinking. In these experiments, we have tried to control not only for the subjects’ expectancies but for possible investigator biases. To prevent the researcher from subtly influencing the results, we have employed a double-bind strategy in which neither the researcher nor his subjects know who is drinking alcohol and who is not until the data have been compiled.
We tried to choose a drink for our studies that most people would already be familiar with, but one that could not easily be distinguished from a placebo drink. Pilot testing revealed that drinker could tell a mixture of one part vodka to five parts tonic water, with no more than 50 percent accuracy or chance odds. (The method works best when drinks are chilled and a squirt of lime juice is added, both of which make it harder to detect the vodka taste.) Most of the studies reviewed employed these beverages.
We also had an ethical dilemma to resolve. The balanced-placebo design requires that some subjects drink alcohol after being told they will be given a nonalcoholic drink. But informed consent dictates that they know they may be drinking alcohol since it may affect their physical and psychological functioning. Accordingly, we informed all subjects beforehand that they might be receiving alcohol as part of the procedure. Later on , as an assistant of the researcher’s test each that he or she has been randomly assigned to either the group that will receive vodka or the group that will not, at this stage of the study, of course, some subjects are being deceived.
At the same time that we first employed this strategy, the teams at Wisconsin and Western Michigan were both investigating the so-called loss-of-control drinking of alcoholics. According to many authorities, the alcoholic has great difficulty in stopping after one or two drinks. Just a little alcohol is enough to trigger an addictive mechanism that produces craving and an involuntary “loss of control,” or inability to moderate further drinking, from this point of view. (Thus, most treatment programs insist upon total abstinence.)
If it is truth that alcoholism is a purely physical addiction, then behavior therapy and other approaches to training the alcoholic to drink moderately are doomed to failure. It was thus essential to test this proposition. We asked a group of male alcoholics and a matched set of social drinkers to participate in a “taste-rating task” in which they would compare the taste properties of either alcoholic or nonalcoholic beverages. The alcoholic men in the study consisted of volunteers who had resumed drinking after leaving a hospital-treatment program for alcoholism. What we were really trying to measure in the experiment was the impact of expectancy on how much both groups would drink and whether alcoholics would drink more than social drinkers in the expect alcohol condition.
We divided the 32 social drinkers and 32 alcoholics into the four conditions of the balanced-placebo method (see chart at left). Subjects in the two expect-alcohol conditions were led to believe they would be comparing three brands of vodka, while those in the two expect-no-alcohol groups were told they would be comparing three brands of tonic water. Three full decanters were placed in from of each subject, who was then instructed to sample them on an ad-lib basis in order to make his ratings. Half the subjects in the expect-alcohol condition were actually given vodka and tonic; half of those in the expect-no-alcohol condition also received vodka and tonic. The rest of the subjects were given tonic water.
The results showed that expectancy was the main influence on the total amount consumed by both social drinkers and alcoholics. Subjects who thought they were sampling decanters with vodka and tonic drank significantly more (and later estimated that their drinks contained more alcohol than they actually did) than the did subjects who expected only tonic water – regardless of the actual presence or absence of alcohol in their drinks. 
For some of the alcoholics subjects the effects were striking. Since our volunteers were required to abstain from alcohol for a least eight hours prior to their appointment in the lab (and had to show a zero reading on our breath-analysis test to prove their sobriety), some of them arrived with the “shakes” and reported craving alcohol. After the drinking session, one of the men in the expect-alcohol/receive tonic condition began acting in an intoxicated manner, stumbling around the room and trying to make a date with our female research assistant. Several other men in the expect tonic/receive-vodka group still showed tremor and described a strong desire for alcohol, even after consuming the equivalent of double vodkas.
Aggression
Using the balanced-placebo design, experimenters have also shown that people’s beliefs about drinking have a lot to do with some drinkers’ aggressive behavior. That there is a link between alcohol consumption and aggressiveness has been well established by previous studies. But investigators have offered two competing explanations. The first proposes that an aggressive drive exists in human beings but that its expression is normally inhibited by anxiety, guilt, or social constraints. Alcohol is assumed to disinhibit the aggressive motivation, presumably by its effect on the higher cortical centers and a corresponding reduction in fear about the consequences of aggression.
The second explanation assumes that alcohol has an overall energizing effect on the general activate level of the organism and that drinking will increase the probability of aggressive fantasies and expression of “power needs”.
A third theory, neglected by researchers but familiar from our opening example, suggests that alcohol may provide a culturally accepted excuse for engaging in behaviors that are normally unacceptable – including aggression.
The one balanced-placebo study published so far supports this alternative explanation. In the experiments conducted by Alan Lang and others from our research team, 96 men who were described as heavy social drinkers were given either plain tonic or vodka and tonic (to a blood-alcohol concentration of .10 percent, the legal limit of intoxication in most states), and each was given two sets of instructions (expect-alcohol or expect –no-alcohol), in accord with the balanced-placebo design. After drinking their beverages, half of the 96 subjects were purposely provoked by a confederate of the experimenters posing as another subject, who criticized the real subjects’ performance on a difficult task of physical coordination by making a series of sarcastic and belittling remarks. The other half were not provoked. As a way of measuring aggressiveness, all were asked to engage in a learning experiment in which they were able to give shocks of varying intensity and duration to the same confederate when he made mistakes on a decoding task. (As in other such experiments, the confederate appeared to be pained but was not actually receiving the shocks.)
The results (see the chart below) were clear-cut. Both provoked and unprovoked men who believed they had consumed alcohol were more aggressive – that is, gave shocks that were significantly more intense and longer duration to the confederate than did those who believed what they had been drinking tonic water – regardless of the actual content of the drinks. On the other hand, we also found that expectancy had little to do with a person’s reaction time. In the aggression task, we also measured how long each of the men took to respond to the confederate’s responses on the decoding task. Regardless of expectancy, those who consumed alcohol were significantly slower in responding to the confederate’s signals.

This finding suggests that expectancies have a strong influence only when people have well-defined beliefs about the effects of alcohol. It is likely that many of us already have fixed beliefs about how alcohol influences social behavior, while we may have few or no set expectations about how it affects such things as reaction time.
Anxiety
Research on the relationship between anxiety and drinking is more contradictory. Most studies have been aimed at testing the notion that alcohol reduces tension, possibly by depressing or tranquilizing the nervous system. Drinking is thus reinforced – further encouraged – – by the release from tension. This theory and its corollary that people drink more when they are anxious, have become part of the cultural folklore about alcohol. 
Previous studies have shown every possible result, some supporting the tension-reduction theory and others showing that alcohol may, under certain circumstances, increase arousal or tension.  Two experiments used the balanced-placebo design.  In the first study, Wilson and Abrams gave men who were moderate social drinkers a drink containing tonic or vodka and tonic, with instruction either to expect alcohol or to expect no alcohol. To test social anxiety, they asked the men to try to make a favorable impression on a woman who was an accomplice of the researchers and offered the men little encouragement.
Previous research had established that heart rate is a reliable way to identify people who are anxious in social situations. Wilson and Abrams found that men who believed they had been drinking liquor (whether they had or not) tended to have slower heart rates when trying to impress the women than did the men who thought they had drunk only tonic water. In other words, the men who thought they were drinking vodka were less anxious than the others.
A group of women had exactly the opposite reaction in a follow-up study. The women became more aroused, not calmer, but again, expectancy shaped their response. This experiment was identical to the one Wilson and Abrams did with the men (the women were asked to try to impress a male confederate who acted cool toward them). In this situation, the women who were told they were drinking alcohol had significantly faster heart rates, along with increased skin conductivity – both sighs of increased anxiety – than the women who thought they were drinking just tonic.
There are two possible explanations for their reactions. The women in the study had less drinking experience than the men did and may thus have been have more wary about the effect of alcohol on their behavior. In fact, several of them commented that they felt the need to monitor their behavior closely after drinking, unlike the men, they may have been anxious about their ability to exert self-control after drinking, or they may have felt that the male confederate would disapprove of their drinking as “unfeminine.” These findings highlight the fact that women generally have different past experiences with alcohol and therefore have different expectancies about the effects of drinking.
Sexual Arousal
The effects of alcohol on human sexual arousal have been debated for centuries. No less an authority of human behavior than Shakespeare wrote that drinking “provides the desire, but it takes away the performance” (Macbeth, Act II Scene 3). Ogden Nash expressed a more contemporary view: “Candy is dandy? But liquor is quicker.” The verdict of behavioral so far differs for the sexes: men seem to be physically turned on by alcohol, while women are turned off. But again, both responses may be determined by beliefs about drinking.
Three studies of men have been conducted using the balanced-placebo design. In the first two studies, a strain gauge was used to measure penile tumescence (which has proven a more reliable measure than self report) . In the first experiments Terence Wilson and David Lawson assigned male social drinkers to one of the two expectancy conditions, in which they were led to believe they were drinking either vodka and tonic or tonic only. To convince them of what they had been drinking, all were given accurate or false information on blood alcohol levels after breath analysis test. Then, all the subjects watched films that portrayed both heterosexual and homosexual scenes.
Alcohol itself had no effect on tumescence.  But men who believed they had consumed vodka became significantly more aroused watching the films, in comparison with those who thought they were drinking only tonic – regardless of the actual alcohol content of the drinks.
In a second study, Daniel Briddell and his colleagues at Old Dominion University replicated these results, but with a twist. In this experiment male subjects were exposed to take materials that depicted heterosexual intercourse or deviant activities such as rape or aggression. Oddly, the men who believed they were drinking alcohol were significantly more aroused by deviant sexual stimuli than those who thought what they were drinking was nonalcoholic. But there was not significant difference in arousal in response to the tape portraying normal sex.
Finally, in a third study conducted by Alan Lang, now at Florida State University, male subjects, after drinking their beverages, viewed erotic slides that varied in sexual content and were then asked to rate how stimulating they were. They rated the slides as more sexually stimulating if they believed they had been drinking alcohol, whether there was vodka in the drink or not. This effect was most pronounced for men who had high scores on a sex-guilt inventory. Taken together with the results showing greater arousal to deviant sexual stimuli by men who believed they had consumed alcohol, Lang’s findings suggest that men whose normal sexual response is inhibited by sexual guilt or social restraints will show the greatest disinhibition effect when they believe they are drinking alcohol. There is an important personal payoff in this process, since the men can absolve themselves of responsibility for their actions by blaming alcohol for their disinhibited behavior.
Most people suspect that men and women differ in their expectancies about the effects of alcohol on sexual responsiveness. These differences were clearly demonstrated in research conducted by Wilson and Lawson, who did a study with women that was similar in design to the one they had done with men. After receiving their drinks and instructions in accordance with the balanced-placebo design, the women viewed films with heterosexual and homosexual activity or one with neutral content. Each woman’s sexual arousal was monitored physiologically by the method of a photoplethysmograph, a device that assesses changes in vaginal blood flow. In this case, the two groups of women who actually drank alcohol showed significantly reduced sexual arousal during the film regardless of whether they believed they were drinking alcohol. However, in this and in a related study, women who believed they had been drinking alcohol generally gave self-reports indicating increased arousal. 
Thus, women who think they have been drinking experience sexual arousal subjectively – but not objectively. Expectations do not seem to play a role in their actual physical response. Wilson and Lawson offer a number of possible explanations for the differing male and female reactions. They speculate that women may simply be more vulnerable to the physical effects of alcohol and/or have had different past drinking experiences than men. It also seems possible that women may be less accurate than meant in interpreting signs of sexual arousal that arise from within their own bodies. Men, on the other hand, may have stronger beliefs about alcohol’s effect on enhancing sexual arousal and/or may exert greater voluntary control over their sexual arousal.
Mood and Motor Abilities
We cannot say, of course, that alcohol itself has no impact at all on our minds and bodies apart from our beliefs about it. It clearly does. With more complicated motor and cognitive behaviors, studies show little or no effects of expectancy (as in memory tests or other complex cognitive tasks). Research conducted by investigators at Vanderbilt University showed that when one group of subjects was asked to perform a pursuit rotor task (a demanding test of motor coordination) 30 minutes after drinking alcohol or placebo drinks, their performance was significantly impaired only when they had consumed alcohol. However, on a second test in which subjects had to divide their attention between two complex cognitive task, both those who believed they were drinking alcohol and those who were actually drinking made more errors than other subjects. Thus, in this task, the subjects’ motor performances were disrupted by a belief that alcohol had been consumed as well as by actual consumption of alcohol.
Again, the existence of strong prior beliefs about the effects of alcohol may underlie these findings. Most people would seem to be relatively uncertain about how alcohol affects specific motor abilities. Furthermore, other research suggests that when people expect to perform a complicated task after drinking alcohol (such as driving a car home from a party), they will attempt to compensate for whatever loss of skill may ensue by devoting extra care and attention to the task. 
The studies also suggest that expectancy effects are strongest for behaviors that are believed to be positive or desirable for the drinker, like reduced anxiety, increased assertiveness, or behaviors that are associated with some form of immediate gratification such as sexual or aggressive acting out. On the other hand, making errors in carrying out a complicated cognitive or motor act (driving for example) would not be considered desirable, and drinking would thereby not exert the same reinforcing effect with these behaviors.
Expectancy effects seem to be relatively weak or absent altogether for the mood states that accompany drinking. In balanced-placebo studies people have been asked to report their feelings on mood checklists both before and after drinking. Moderated and heavy drinkers have reported some changes in mood after actually drinking alcohol – they may get happier say, or more depressed – but expectancy manipulations exert little or no effect in these experiments. The studies, by their very nature, may make it easier for people to see through the balanced-placebo deception. Since subjects are asked to be introspective, to closely monitor their feelings, they may also notice subtle physical changes for their absence) that are usually associated with alcohol consumption.
Setting factors also exert an important influence on alcohol’s effect on mood states, further complicating the interpretation of these findings. research has shown, for example that the effect of drinking on mood is very different depending on whether the drinker is alone or is interacting with others in a social situation. Solitary drinkers describe the effects of alcohol primarily in terms of physical symptoms (feeling dizzy or numb), in contrast with drinker in the social setting who describe the effects as psychological or interpersonal in a nature (feeling more extraverted or friendly), even though the same amount of alcohol is consumed by all subjects.
It is clear from this research, all of which had been conducted within the last decade, that cognitive processes exert a powerful influence on our drinking behavior – both in the beliefs that we hold about the expected effects of alcohol and the attributions we make about alcohol as an agent that enhances certain behaviors or “disinhibits” the expression of others. More than 25 published studies that use the balance-placebo design have replicated the expectancy effect with a variety of social and affective responses that were previously thought to be influenced primarily by the physiological or chemical properties of alcohol itself. Considerable research needs to be done in order to identify the underlying mechanisms of the placebo effects we have described in this article.
Early indications suggest that classical conditioning may play a role in the process: just as Pavlov’s dogs learned to salivate at the sound of the bell that had been previously associated with a food reward, so the experience d drinker may achieve a conditioned high when present with the signal or cue properties (sight, smell, taste, and so on) of a drink, regardless of whether the drink actually contains alcohol.
In addition, another important component would seem to be the attributions we make about alcohol as the “cause ” of certain behaviors (“I wasn’t myself… “). The ingestion of alcohol itself seems to produce little more than an indefinite or ambiguous physiological reaction, an amorphous change in mood, at least at the dose levels most social drinkers are accustomed to. The interpretation or “framing” of this diffuse reaction appears to be more influenced by our prior beliefs, the drinking environment, and personal payoffs than by the physical effects of alcohol.
Questions:
1. Explain the role that expectancy can play on behavior. Provide examples from your own life when your expectation of something colored your perception or changed your behavior.
2. What is the balanced-placebo design? Why is this superior to the traditional placebo design?
3. What did researchers find when they performed the study on alcoholics? What does this suggest about alcoholism?
4. For each of the four experiments with alcohol (aggression, anxiety, sexual arousal, and motor abilities) briefly summarize the procedure and explain the results. Which of the results surprised you the most? Why?
5. Could any parts of these experiments be considered unethical? Explain your reasoning.

Briefly describe the culture in which Equiano lived before his capture; then  summarize his capture and separation from his sister.

  
Olaudah Equiano…
After you have written your answers, please delete the questions. Leaving the questions in the document will affect your Turnitin plagiarism score.
1. Briefly describe the culture in which Equiano lived before his capture; then 
summarize his capture and separation from his sister.
2. Describe Equiano’s reactions as he first encounters the slave ship and the white men
who are enslaving them (p. 379). What are the emotions that he feels? What fears 
does he have? How does he describe the countenances of those who were enslaved 
as he was? 
3. These few pages are, in some textbooks, subtitled “The Horrors of the Slave Ship.” 
List five “horrors” from pp. 380-382 that strike you as particularly dreadful.
4. Describe the procedure for selling the slaves describe on p. 383. (Do not forget this 
part of the question.) According to Equiano, what is the greatest horror of the selling 
of slaves? At the end of the chapter, he writes, “Surely, this is a new refinement in  
cruelty.” To what is he referring?
5. Describe Equiano’s friendship with Richard Baker, found at the end of chapter III on 
p. 385. Comment on at least one other thing that stands out to you from chapter III. 
6. The excerpt from chapter VII describes how Equiano gained his freedom. How did 
this come about? Who helped him? Respond to Equiano’s expression of the joy he 
felt at being free. Which images best express his feeling to you? Were you moved by 
this passage?
7. Explain one of the allusions from this passage – either his reference to Peter in prison 
or the reference to Elijah.

Demonstrate the ability to identify and understand the basic ethical and philosophical tenets of criminal justice. 

Demonstrate the ability to identify and understand the basic ethical and philosophical tenets of criminal justice. 

Instructions for this Assignment
Purpose: 
The purpose of this assignment is to apply concepts learned in Rushworth Kidder’s reading on right vs. right dilemmas to your own personal ethical dilemma.
Materials: All Module 1 Materials
Tasks:
Part 1:
Rushworth Kidder talks about genuine ethical dilemmas as tough choices in which individuals face right vs. right situations (as opposed to right vs. wrong situations). He goes on to argue that most ethical dilemmas fit one of four possible patterns identified in Ch. 1 by Rushworth Kidder. Describe a personal example of a ‘right vs. right’ ethical dilemma you have faced in the past. Answer the questions in the following order. All answers must be in complete sentences.

Describe the right vs. right ethical dilemma you faced. 
Which type of right vs. right dilemma is this based on Kidder’s reading?  Explain why. (Truth vs. Loyalty, Individual vs. Community, Short term vs. Long term, or Justice vs. Mercy [another way to describe mercy is compassion])
What were the moral considerations behind the choices you were faced with? (This includes reviewing all of the facts and identifying all moral dilemmas for all parties involved).
What was the outcome of your ethical dilemma? In other words, what did you do?
What was the reasoning behind your choice? 

Part 2:
Consider the following dilemma: You are a police officer patrolling late at night and see a car weaving back and forth across lanes of traffic. You easily suspect either DUI or some form of distracted driving so you turn on your siren and lights and the car pulls over. Before you approach the car, the driver stumbles out of the car, obviously intoxicated. There is no question that the driver meets the legal definition of intoxication. The driver also happens to be your favorite person (e.g. mother, father, sibling, cousin, best friend, grandma, grandpa, coach, teacher, etc.). 
Imagine the same scenario and the person is a complete stranger. What would you do and why?
(We will revisit this same scenario in Module 2 once we have covered ethical systems). 
Assignment Formatting Instructions

Double-spaced
12pt. Times New Roman font only
1″ margins on all sides
Name, date, course in the top right corner
A centered title
All answers must be in complete sentences and shall be between 500-750 words. 
Proofread your work as spelling, grammar, punctuation, and capitalization count.
Any sources used should be properly cited in APA format.

Submission Format
Use the following format when naming your file: your First Initial and Last Name with the Assignment Name.
Example:  JDoeModule1HomeworkAssignment.docx
File Submission:  Please submit your files as a DOCX or PDF file.

Drawing on The Commonwealth Fund’s Country Profiles and the Kurani & Wagner analysis for the Kaiser Family Foundation. Summarize the healthcare system in each country as well as some health measure statistics/outcomes you found most compelling in them.

 Your initial post should be at least 250 words and must substantively integrate the assigned readings  
Be sure to use and cite as much supporting detail as necessary from the required learning materials in answering the following inter-related questions.

Briefly, which two countries’ healthcare systems did you choose to investigate and why?
Drawing on The Commonwealth Fund’s Country Profiles and the Kurani & Wagner analysis for the Kaiser Family Foundation. Summarize the healthcare system in each country as well as some health measure statistics/outcomes you found most compelling in them.
What might account for any differences you found in your selected countries (and implicitly back to the US as well)? 
Finally, how has your review of these other countries affected your own views of the US healthcare system?  For example, is there any structure, practice or outcome that the US would benefit from adopting?

Conerly, T.R., Holmes, K., & Tamang, A.L. (2021). Chapter 19: Health and MedicineLinks to an external site.. In, Introduction to sociology 3e (pp. 559-577). OpenStax.
Kurani, N., & Wagner, E. (2021, September 30). How does the quality of the US health system compare to other countries?Links to an external site.  Kaiser Family Foundation.
The Commonwealth Fund. (nd).  Country Profiles International Health Care System ProfilesLinks to an external site.. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund.
PBS. (2008, April). Sick Around the World: 5 Capitalist Democracies and How They Do It.Links to an external site. PBS.
PBS NewsHour (2021, April 1) Critical Care: America vs. The World – A PBS NEWSHOUR SpecialLinks to an external site.. PBS. (56 mins; first 30:31 mins required, rest optional).

Explain the process of evidence-based analysis. Highlight the major players and their roles in EBM policy

  
 
Evidence-based medicine (EBM), previously translational medicine, can be defined as improving care based on empirical research and/or hands-on practice. The EBM’s approach is based on either direct patient care (bottom-up) or an experiment translated into guidelines (top-down). EBM is used in either in conjunction or as quality assessment tool(s) for continuous quality improvement (CQI). The healthcare leader must utilize the evidence to promote healthcare quality.

Explain the process of evidence-based analysis.
Highlight the major players and their roles in EBM policy (i.e., government, providers, patients, etc.).
Explain the EBM “Levels of Evidence” as defined in your course text.
Review the case “Constraints of the ACA on Evidence-Based Medicine.”
Provide a written analysis of the case “Constraints of the ACA on Evidence-Based Medicine” in Chapter 9 of your textbook. (Utilize the “Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendations” as defined by the University of Minnesota) Clearinghouse.
Summarize the policy of EBM in your conclusion.

Identify company actions or red flags that might indicate violations of the Act.

 
Review the scenario and complete the activity below. 
In an interview published by The New York Times in February 1976, former Lockheed President A. Carl Kotchian defended the payment of bribes by the company as follows:
“Some call it gratuities. Some call them questionable payments. Some call it extortion. Some call it grease. Some call it bribery. I look at these payments as necessary to sell a product. I never felt I was doing anything wrong.”
More than 30 years later, Reinhard Siekaczek, an accountant employed by Siemens who oversaw an annual budget for questionable payments in excess of $50 million, stated:
“I never thought I would go to jail for my company. …We thought we had to do it. Otherwise, we would ruin the company. …People will only say about Siemens that they were unlucky and that they broke the Eleventh Commandment. The Eleventh Commandment is, ‘Don’t get caught.’”
You have been hired to assist ABC Multinational Company to help educate employees on ethical practices and corporate culture. More specifically, related to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, your role is to prevent situations described in the above scenario.
Create either a handout, job-aid, poster, or flier to educate employees on the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act. Complete the following for your educational tool:

Explain what the employees should know regarding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Provide examples of Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations.
Identify company actions or red flags that might indicate violations of the Act.
List any consequences of the violations.
Recommend actions to report possible violations.
Describe protections for whistleblowers. Why are they important? How do the protections impact the Act?

What members of the interdisciplinary team need to be included for holistic patient-centered care? 

ConcofPathophysweek6.docx

Week 6 Discussion: Neurological Alterations  (USLOs 1, 2, 3, 4)

You are caring for a 68-year-old Akio Kim in the emergency department for rule-out Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). Mr. Kim’s daughter reported that he woke up that morning with left-sided weakness and slurred speech.
Based on this information, your prior knowledge of this client (refer to medical card from the Collins-Kim family tree interactive), and your knowledge of the pathophysiology of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA), respond to the following prompts:
1. Thoroughly explain the pathophysiology of Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA). Use a 
scholarly or 
authoritative source to support your answer.

2. Examine each of the following three factors related to this disease process. 
Support all three with a scholarly source.

1. cultural
2. financial
3. environmental implications
3. Identify 3-5 priority nursing interventions for the client while in the emergency department.
4. Describe labs and diagnostic testing you would want to include in client’s plan of care and why. What are critical indicators? 
Support with a scholarly source.

5. What members of the interdisciplinary team need to be included for holistic patient-centered care? 
Provide a rationale and support with a scholarly source.