provide a solution that could be used effectively to reduce the challenges that come with water pollution and In addition, the completion of the project will result in the creation of a prototype that could be used to trace the presence of pollutants such as heavy metals in water.

Literature Survey

Project Title: Monitoring of industrial contamination that is deleterious to
health in wastewater
Student’s Name

Supervisor’s name

Background and Aims and Objectives of the work
The proposed project will consider challenges caused by industrial pollutant contamination of waste water. The current project is necessary because heavy metals and other pollutants in drinking water continue to exceed the required limits [reference to those limits?] Fu and Xi (2020) acknowledge that heavy metal pollutants in water have been due to the fast rate of industrialization and development. Exposure to heavy metals and other pollutants present in drinking water can have an adverse effect on the well-being of most individuals. Rehman et al. (2018) demonstrate that exposure to heavy metals in drinking water can lead to increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, susceptibility to cancer, neuronal damage, and renal injuries. Therefore, the proposed project is a necessary step in developing the steps required to resolve problems presented by heavy metal pollution in the water.
Upon competition, The project goal is to provide a solution that could be used effectively to reduce the challenges that come with water pollution and In addition, the completion of the project will result in the creation of a prototype that could be used to trace the presence of pollutants such as heavy metals in water. Presently, The project aims to design an evaluation and monitoring system to help track water pollution from heavy metals Therefore, the proposed study’s objective is to develop a system that combines sensors and optoelectronic devices in the development of a tool that can track water pollution.
The project milestones will include the development of a data processing method, model creation, prototype building and testing, and mathematical analysis. Optoelectronic devices and sensors will be used to actualize the project [add another sentence on what that actually means?].
The proposed project will use simulations as its proposed methodology Essentially, the plan is to use detailed simulation and testing processes to determine the most effective approaches that could be adopted to track heavy metal presence in the water. The simulation process should has been designed to provide the optimum method for real-time information detection. The most suitable detection sensors and monitoring system would become apparent upon completion.
Literature Review
Multiple studies have been completed to find suitable approaches for tracking heavy metal presence in the water. [state which heavy metals are important here?] Several novel approaches effectively trace the presence of heavy metals in water. For example, Frau et al. (2021) demonstrate that microwave sensors can effectively develop a device to track whether heavy metals are present in water. The study utilized planar microwave sensors to detect water pollution levels. [how, what method – one sentence?] According to Frau et al. (2021), the sensors could produce an immediate response explicitly shown at three resonant peaks in the GHz range. In a similar study to that conducted by Frau et al. (2021), Rotake and Darji (2018) considered the effectiveness of MEMS-based sensors as tools for heavy metal ion detection. The study attempted to develop a portable system of MEMS sensors capable of detecting multiple analytes simultaneously. The analysis by Rotake and Darji (2018) focuses on developing a microfluidic platform that could be used for sensing heavy metal ions. The platform created by Rotake and Darji (2018) includes a capacitive microcantilever beam created from MEMS technology. On the other hand, Dai et al. (2018) consider how effectively research has been done regarding the availability of electrochemical platforms to analyze heavy metal contaminated water. The research by Dai et al. (2018) shows that available electrochemical sensors used in assessing the presence of heavy metal ions in water include electrochemical enzyme sensors, electrochemical whole-cell biosensors and electrochemical immunosensor. Other electrochemical sensors discussed by Dai and colleagues include the electrochemical nucleic acid sensor, imprinted sensor and novel nanomaterial modified electrochemical sensors. Dai et al. (2018) help to demonstrate the extent to which research has embraced the desire to develop an accurate system for examining the presence of heavy metal ions in contaminated water.
Research reported in the literature further illustrates that it was possible to develop a non-invasive, reusable and submersible permittivity sensor. For example, Reyes-Vera et al. (2019) demonstrate the possibility of creating a sensor that uses a compact split ring resonator excited by two integrated monopole antennas. According to Reyes-Vera et al. (2019), such submersible sensors offer wide-ranging applications, especially in instances where they have to be adopted to assess different materials’ properties. Therefore, a similar principle could be utilized in developing a prototype that could be used to assess the presence of heavy metal ions in contaminated water. In a similar study, Frau et al. (2020) assess the applications of functionalized microwave sensors in assessing the presence of heavy metals in water affected by mining. The use of microwave sensors is justified by low cost. Frau et al. (2020) show that microwave spectroscopy offers an inexpensive and novel approach for monitoring water pollutants. In their analysis, Frau and colleagues examined the effectiveness of integrating microwave sensors with developed coatings. The study concluded that a sensor platform using microwave spectroscopy would allow in situ monitoring of toxic metal concentration in water affected by mining activity. Although Frau et al. (2020) used copper and zinc to assess the effectiveness of the sensor they created, the researchers conclude that there is a possibility to develop a sensor platform that could provide specific readings for a wide range of heavy metals. In a different study, Frau et al. (2018) show that it was possible to utilize electromagnetic wave sensors with optical and low-frequency spectroscopy to evaluate the presence of lead in water affected by mining activity. The study completed by Frau et al. (2018) used multiple sensing approaches, including UV–Vis spectroscopy, resistance measurements, and low-frequency capacitance. Moreover, sensing systems use microwave technology. The study illustrates a planar sensor with gold interdigitated electrode and resonant cavity sensor design printed on a PTFE substrate with a protective PCB lacquer coating. Results from Frau et al. (2018) show that there is a possibility of creating an effective tool by combining available tools in the market to create an effective tool for assessing the availability of heavy metal ions in water. Overall, it is apparent that Mason et al. (2018) illustrate that it was possible to create a system of sensors that can be utilized to assess the presence of heavy metal ions in water in real-time. In the study, Mason et al. (2018) consider the effectiveness of new sensor systems that utilize electromagnetic wave spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and capacitance sensing system for real-time detection. According to the results, all three strategies can be used in isolation, but fussing all the three technologies would help create a more effective system for real-time evaluation of heavy metal ions in water (Masson et al., 2018). Previous research supports the possibility of creating an effective tool by considering the various sensors already available in the market.
[suggest you compile the above results into a Table e.g. below]
Name Approach used Performance Reference number

Initial Results [what do you mean by ‘initial’ here – how does this section differ from the above?]
The literature review provides insight into the available possibilities in developing an effective solution for the creation of a prototype for assessing the presence of heavy metals ions in polluted water. Multiple strategies have been discussed by Frau et al. (2018). For example, using a planar sensor with a gold interdigitated electrode and resonant cavity sensor was a possibility. In another study, Mason et al. (2018) indicate that it was possible to create a system that could assess the properties of water in real-time by combining multiple technologies, including electromagnetic wave spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and capacitance sensors. Finally, frau et al. (2018) demonstrates that it was possible to develop a system that uses electromagnetic wave sensors with optical and low-frequency spectroscopy. The solutions described in the literature are being considered to find the most effective strategy. For instance, Zulkifli et al. (2019) show that there was interest in the creation of accurate, robust and efficient tools for the analysis of the presence of heavy metals in water as this continued to be a problems. Moreover, Srivastava and Sharma (2021) note that there was a possibility to create a portable system that could be used along with an android application to establish that heavy metal ions were present in water. A combination of these ideas should provide a good starting point for the data collection process.
The project in this work
[Here you will show how the literature review has ‘set the scene’ for your work – what is the interesting aspect of the subject that you are exploring that then comes from the literature review?]
The research process is on track, with the literature search being a necessary step in developing a clear understanding of the available solutions. In addition, it provides an opportunity to compare the systems applied in other studies that have attempted to consider solutions for assessing the presence of heavy metals in water. Essentially, the literature search is intended to provide a platform for quantitative data collection from the simulation and testing processes.
References
Dai, X., Wu, S., & Li, S. (2018). Progress on electrochemical sensors for the determination of heavy metal ions from contaminated water. Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 6(2), 91-111.
Frau, I., Wylie, S.R., Byrne, P., Cullen, J.D., Korostynska, O. and Mason, A., 2020. Functionalised microwave sensors for real-time monitoring of copper and zinc concentration in mining-impacted water. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17(4), 1861-1876.
Frau, I., Wylie, S., Byrne, P., Onnis, P., Cullen, J., Mason, A. and Korostynska, O., 2021. Microwave Sensors for In Situ Monitoring of Trace Metals in Polluted Water. Sensors, 21(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21093147
Frau, I., Korostynska, O., Mason, A. and Byrne, P., 2018. Comparison of electromagnetic wave sensors with optical and low-frequency spectroscopy methods for real-time monitoring of lead concentrations in mine water. Mine Water and the Environment, 37(3), pp.617-624.
Fu, Z., and Xi, S. 2020. The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism. Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 30(3), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15376516.2019.1701594
Mason, A., Soprani, M., Korostynska, O., Amirthalingam, A., Cullen, J., Muradov, M., Carmona, E.N., Sberveglieri, G., Sberveglieri, V. and Al-Shamma’a, A., 2018. Real-Time Microwave, Dielectric, and Optical Sensing of Lincomycin and Tylosin Antibiotics in Water: Sensor Fusion for Environmental Safety. Journal of Sensors, 2018.
Rehman, K., Fatima, F., Waheed, I., and Akash, M. 2018. Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 119(1), 157–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26234
Reyes-Vera, E., Acevedo-Osorio, G., Arias-Correa, M., & Senior, D. E. (2019). A Submersible Printed Sensor Based on a Monopole-Coupled Split Ring Resonator for Permittivity Characterization. Sensors, 19(8), 1936. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19081936
Rotake, D. and Darji, A.D., 2018. Heavy metal ion detection in water using MEMS-based sensor. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), pp.1530-1536.
Zulkifli, S.N., Rahim, H.A. and Lau, W.J., 2018. Detection of contaminants in water supply: A review on state-of-the-art monitoring technologies and their applications. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 255, pp.2657-2689.