Discuss traumatic effects and responses and many of its related difficulties as well as recommended treatment options, together with spirituality in general
RESEARCH PAPER ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS
OVERVIEW
Discerning and clarifying your research interests and knowing how to locate and evaluate scholarly sources of information are important skills for trauma counselors. This assignment will encourage you to think about trauma counseling topics and select and refine one that is of interest to you. You will also gain experience locating and selecting scholarly sources, an important skill for trauma counselors.
INSTRUCTIONS
Write a research paper of 10–12 pages of body text (not counting your title page, abstract, and works cited pages) discussing, in current APA or Turabian standards, some major aspects of spirituality/Christianity and some aspect of trauma, as described below. Please don’t provide just a secular viewpoint or just a spiritual perspective. Integrate them using journal articles or book chapters on the topics as sources. Cite all sources. Balance the paper with both a biblical worldview and theoretical perspectives.
Choose one of the options.
Discuss traumatic effects and responses and many of its related difficulties as well as recommended treatment options, together with spirituality in general. Incorporate a biblical worldview throughout. Use current (8 years or less) research and the Bible to support your approach.
Choose one or several types of traumatic events (natural disaster, domestic violence, sexual assault or abuse, motor vehicle accidents, etc.) and discuss appropriate assessment and treatment options. Use current research and the Bible to support your discussion.
The two options are similar with the exception that one is a general approach and the other applies your examination to a specific area.
• Length of paper: 10–12 pages – Points will be deducted if the paper is less than 10 pages or exceeds 12 pages. (Excluding title page, abstract, and references.)
• Include at least 10 current references (within the last 8 years) – points will be deducted for each missing current reference.
• Follow current APA or Turabian standards. Review rubric for guidance.
• Paper will be graded on thoroughness, content, and use of theoretical material and integration of biblical perspective.
What does the future hold for biotechnology?
Biotechnology
From Research and Development to Product Development
Executive Summary
Biotechnology is a discipline that encompasses the study of living organisms and utilizes tools or technology to enhance one organism in order to benefit society. When one thinks about the scope of biotechnology, they probably imagine what is referred to as modern biotechnology which includes relatively new technologies and information regarding the human genome. This information has made it possible for scientists and researchers to develop procedures and products to make life better for all (Clarke & Pazdernik, 2009). Most people think that biotechnology is nothing more than modifying crops, but it is so much more. In addition to making crops resistant to disease: it is responsible for medical advances that fight and detect diseases. Biotechnology has opened doors that once seemed impossible to open.
When it was discovered that DNA, the genetic code carrier, could be transferred into other organisms; a new path for the development of new products and processes was born (Clarke & Pasternik, 2009). The transfer of a gene from one organism to another to convey a specific desirable trait is called genetic engineering or recombinant DNA technology and produces modified crops, vaccines, and life saving drugs. (Council for Biotechnology, n.d). Scientists identify and manipulate genes that resist pests and drought, increase the nutritional value of plants, reduce pesticide use, and improve productivity leading to increased profitability for the agricultural industry as well as reducing the greenhouse gases (Zilberman, D., 2010). The emergence of nanotechnology which is the development of techniques to visualize and manipulate atoms individually is opening a door to more accurately visualize living systems (Clark & Pasternik, 2009).
Biotechnology has made many advances and offers much promise, but not without controversy. Much of the problem lies with the perceived safety and labeling of genetically modified crops. Consumers want to know what they are consuming and believe that genetically modified foods or GMOs should be labeled as such. In Europe, all genetically modified foods (GMO)s must be labeled as such; not so in the United States where only foods that are substantially different from the original need to be labeled (USDA, n.d.). GMOs can be found on grocery shelves across America in 2/3rds of everyday foods (Klock, 2007). The major concerns are long term safety in consuming the products and allergenic responses.
From humble beginnings on farms across the globe, man has strived to manipulate his surroundings in the name of humanity. From selective breeding to genetic engineering, the human race has come far. Changing weather patterns, increased population and the emergence of new illness are the new catalysts that drive modern biotechnologists to make new proteins and new biochemical pathways with altered products to deal with an ever changing world.
State of the Industry
The biotechnology industry is booming around the world and the United States is largest market and consumer of biotechnology products in the world. According to Ernst& Young and as reported in “Beyond Borders: Global Biotechnology Industry 2008”, the United States employs 69 percent of the worldwide workers in biotech firms and is home to 70 percent of firms specializing in research and development. As reported by Battelle/Bio State Bioscience Initiatives: research and development in the biotechnology field was valued at approximately $32 billion in the United States for 2008. As promising as this appears, Europe and Canada and Asia are beginning to compete with the U.S. for dominance in the industry (Ernst & Young, 2007). The report also indicates that despite significant global sales, the industry is faced with high research and development expenses versus overall global sales coupled with high risks in bringing drugs to market. Despite minor problems that the industry faces, it is moving forward to making valuable contributions to society.
Breakthroughs in research are changing the world’s view of food, fuel and health. In agriculture biotechnology, the development and creation of crops with traits such as drought tolerance, salt tolerance, stacked traits, and even animal products (salmon) are being studied to help feed the changing population (Select USA, n.d.). Scientists have enhanced canola so that farmers can reduce tillage and leads to less erosion further reducing the use of fuel by more than 14 million gallon per year (Fields of Benefits, n.d.). Rice has been transformed so that it contains a higher concentration of vitamin A which is particularly beneficial to countries that rely upon a single food source. Medical research is being conducted with the intention of developing drugs that fight cancers and HIV. Of particular interest is the work that is being done to create clean biofuels from genetically altered crops. As the world adjusts to a diminishing cache of fossil fuels, the industry is taking the lead to develop fuels that will be cleaner, greener and end the America’s dependence on foreign oil. The biotechnology timeline is just beginning and holds promise to make life changing contributions to all.
Job Opportunities
The prospect for jobs in the biotechnology sector is very good. Biotechnology is making major discoveries that impact food production, medicine, and alternative fuel production. These discoveries are heralded around the world as the discoveries are improving business and lives. The advances have led to disease resistant crops, new drugs, vaccines, and biofuel; making biotechnology one of the most active fields in scientific research and development (BLS, 2008). Workers in this field use cellular biology to improve medicine, agriculture, and industrial processes. Most biotech scientists conduct research and work with genetic materials in a laboratory setting. Major employers are pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Others work for universities or in federal laboratories. Not all the workers are scientists. The industry employs administrators, office workers, technicians and policy makers.
Working in a biotechnology as a scientist requires knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics and genetics. The experiments and research requires attention to detail, and a high level of technical skills. Hours for the occupation vary greatly depending upon the particular project and its’ requirements. In 2008, workers logged 38.6 hours per week, slightly higher than that for workers in all private industries (BLS, 2008).
The future looks bright especially for residents of California, New York, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey which accounts for more than half of the industry employment (BLS, 2008). Employment in the biotech field holds much promise as the world’s appetite for new drugs and procedures continues to grow. Driven by demographics of an aging populations and decreased world wide food security; biotech companies should have no problems competing for the research funding that other fields will lose. Jobs as scientists should continue to grow, but job growth for administrative and office personnel is expected to diminish because the technology itself leads to greater efficiency; therefore, obsolescing the office personnel (BLS, 2008).
Employment in scientific research is expected to grow by 25 percent between 2008 and 2018 compared to 11 percent growth as the economy as a whole (BLS, 2008). The future job market is best for scientists who stay current and continue their education.
Salaries and Wages
Salaries and Wages for workers in biotechnology vary greatly. Higher education leads to higher earnings. Salaries also rise with the number of years of experience one has and vary by occupation within the field. Workers in management and research and development earn more than technicians. In 2010, all workers in the field earned a mean annual salary of $ 71,310 with those working in research and development at the top range, and those working at colleges and universities at the bottom range (BLS, 2010). The earnings for this occupation are higher than the national average for all workers in all industries. Those working in the physical sciences such as in biotech earned significantly higher salaries than those working in the social sciences (BLS, 2008). Like most industries, administrators, accountants, and office workers engage in work activities. Because the industry is highly technical, even the office workers must understand the language and are highly skilled as compared to those who work in other industries in the same capacity.
Workers usually are paid a salary and enjoy benefits such as health insurance, paid vacation, sick time and pension plans.
Education & Training
Biotechnology is a highly technical job that requires a great deal of knowledge and training. Unlike many careers, most workers enter the field with a minimum of a Bachelors degree and even then must receive on the job training and continue to stay current with new developments while pursuing a higher level of education. With a Bachelors degree in hand one might begin as technician working on a project under the guidance of a more senior scientist or technician while honing the skills necessary to carry on research with less supervision ((Biotechnology Institute, n.d.). One might expect to stay at this level for several years while they learn and become familiar with procedures and methods.
Those with a Ph.D. are the most desired by employers. These workers come to a job after completing an academic research project and have worked somewhat independently during their additional schooling. Once in the field, PhDs begin designing research products and work independently: many are in the process or who have published papers in academic journals based upon their own research.
Scientists continue their education by attending conferences, and publish journal articles. After several years they can expect more autonomy, more research projects or become managers. Funding meeting goals Strategic Planning and set long term goals (BLS, 2008).
According to the SUNY Cobleskill catalog, associate and bachelors degrees are offered in agricultural biotechnology. The students are prepared for entry level positions in the industry and enter the workforce armed with the necessary skills to begin their careers. Students are prepared to enter the field with extensive studies in biology, chemistry, genetics, molecular biology and mathematics. Students select a particular area of interest and are study the “theoretical and practical knowledge of molecular biology and genetic engineering as they relate to plants, animals or microorganisms used in agriculture”,(SUNY, 2010). The coursework is rigorous and requires many hours in the laboratory setting to gain practical knowledge in PCR technology, transformation, and lab safety.
With many school districts and community colleges recognizing the promise that careers in the industry offer; many have begun to offer primer course in biotechnology to ready students for entry level positions in the field.
Self employment is unusual as the equipment is prohibitly expensive and the research and development costs outrageous (Biotechnology Institute, n.d.).
Challenges Facing the Industry
Like all industries; economic times determine funding for research and development and facing hard times globally is not a good sign for the industry as a whole. However; biotechnology should fair better than most industries as it offers solutions to many of the problems that the global community will be facing in the coming years such as climate change, population growth, sickness and disease and the ever-growing need to feed the masses.
Ernst & Young issued a report in 2008 that indicated America faced a problem in maintaining their dominance in biotechnology because of a lack of high school science education in technology. Hopefully this is a wakeup call to educators and policymakers that the time is now to implement application based technology in the high school classroom.
Methods & Technology
The methods and technology that biotechnologists use is complex and requires patience, knowledge and skill. Biotechnicians that are working on agricultural problems select a target gene from a likely suspect such as drought resistance found in the genes of seaside grasses or desert plants and vitamins suitable for enriching a staple crop which is lacking those attributes and transferring the gene to another source. Once the source genes are selected the task becomes isolating those genes. Given that many candidate genomes have billions of possible base pairs from which only a few hundred are target genes makes this process much more daunting for the scientist. After the isolation process, the target genes must go through a process of testing to determine if the desired trait is produced in the host plant. When preliminary results indicate that the desired trait is produced, extensive work to develop a cultivar specific Agrobacterium strain takes place. This strain is used to infect the selected gene into the target plant. Agrobacterium infects targets randomly in different organisms so the process can take months as the scientist validates successful genome alteration.
If after preliminary testing the gene seems to be a good fit, extensive work must be done to develop a cultivar specific Agrobacterium strain which will be used to infect the selected genes into the target plant. Because Agrobacterium infects targets randomly within the target species, this process can take months for infection while validating successful genome alteration and resultant new plant viability in a contained biological environment.
Finally if it looks like the new transgenic species holds up through several generations the process of registration and testing which are nearly as arduous as would be expected when bring a new drug to market with many levels of associated testing. This process, depending upon the extent to with the transgenic alterations appear in edible portions of the plant may take up to ten years.
Scientists are faced with the lengthy time that it takes for experiments to come to fruition and they must be patient before they meet with individual success.
Misconceptions
Because biotechnology is a relatively new science and the general population does not have the core knowledge to understand the impact that it has upon crops, food, medicine, fuel and ultimately the environment. They question the safety of the products that are a result of the research and development. People are concerned with what foods they eat and want to be informed consumers. They feel that genetically modified foods that are a result of bioagriculture are toxic, harmful or contain allergens. Angry because the government does not regulate the labeling of genetically modified foods. This is not true. Genetically modified crops have been on the market for quite some time and have been found to cause no problems when humans consume them (Council for Biotechnology, n.d).
Another major misconception is that genetic engineering will have a negative impact upon the environment. The Council for Biotechnology reports that in 2009, “the savings of carbon emissions from biotech crops was equivalent to removing almost eight million cars from the road”. In addition the Council found that biotech crops where responsible for the reduction of pesticide use because fewer tractors were required to till the soil. Between 1996-2009; genetic crops were responsible for the estimated reduction of 393 million pesticide applications (James, 2010).
Many of the myths regarding biotechnology stem from people’s lack of understanding into the processes and techniques involved with the processes involved. They imagine foods that have long term negative effects and crops that destroy the environment. Ultimately people want more regulation, assurances that products are safe and that ethical boundaries are not being crossed.
Conclusion
What does the future hold for biotechnology? Will the genetic engineering of crops solve world hunger? Will scientists discover a gene that can be transposed within the human genome that allows humans to live forever? These questions while improbable could someday become
reality.
From the earliest pioneers who searched for new and challenging ways to meet the demands of humanity like Mendel who produced desirable plants via the process of cross breeding to today’s brilliant scientists who discovered genes that would offer pest resistance to a very staple of life in corn. Research will continue and will face obstacles such as funding along the way, but inquiring minds will continue to challenge the known universe and seek out new and exciting ways to survive. Whether it is climate, illness or demographics, those who work in biotechnology will be there to unravel new questions that plague society.
References
Battelle. (2010). Bio state bioscience initiatives. Retrieved on October 16, 2011 from
http://www.bio/orglocal/battelle
Biotechnology Industry Organization. (n.d.). Fields of Benefit. Retrieved on October 16, 2011
From http://www.bio.org.fieldsofbenefits
Biotechnology Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved on October 15. 2011 from
Home
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.) Occupational Outlook Handbook,
2008-2009 Edition, Biological Science Worker, other, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov (visited October 15, 2011).
Clark, David & N. Pazdernik. (2009). Biotechnology,applying the genetic revolution.
Burlington: Elsevier.
Council for Biotechnology. (2008). Beyond Borders: global biotechnology industry. Retrieved
October 16, 2011 from http://www.whybiotech.com
Ernst & Young. (2008). Beyond Borders: Global biotechnology industry. Internet at
www://ey.com/en/Industries/Life-Sciences/Beyond-borders-global-biotechnology-report- 2008 (visited October 15, 2011).
James, Clive. (2010). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications.
Global status of commercialized biotech. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from
http:www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/42/executivesummary/default/asp
Klock, J. (2007). Genetically modified crops. Their development, uses, and risks.
Economic Botany, 61(4). Accessed October 15, 2011.
USDA Economic Research Service. (n.d.) The economics of food, farming, natural resources and rural
America. Retrieved October 16, 2011 from http:www.ers.usda.gov/Data/Biotec/
You have been supplied with a spreadsheet that someone else has started, and you will complete it by following the steps below.
Scope
You are a merchandise planner for a retail firm. You have been supplied with a spreadsheet that someone else has started, and you will complete it by following the steps below. The file contains one week’s worth of daily sales data for top selling products sold. There are many blank cells which need formulas. Creating these formulas will test your ability to use absolute and relative addressing, as well as functions, where applicable. Make use of the Auto Fill feature as well as copying and pasting to speed and simplify your work.
Once you have correctly entered the content, you will be asked to format the worksheet nicely, then add a chart to highlight the firm’s results.
General Instructions
Save your work frequently! The values to the right of each instruction indicate the marking scheme. The entire project will be marked out of 35, and is worth 15% of the final grade.
Complete the following steps:
1. Download the file sms210_project1_starter.xlsx.
2. Rename the workbook to XXXxxx Project 1.xlsx, replacing XXX with your last name, and replacing xxx with your first name.
3. Start Excel and open XXXxxx Project 1.xlsx.
4. Rename Sheet1 to Sales and delete the remaining unused sheets in the workbook.
5. Use the SUM function to provide weekly totals for each of the four items in column J for the Sales and Cost of Goods Sold sections.
6. Look up the exchange rate for CDN to US $ conversions.You can use whatever source you like, the Bank of Canada web site has a fantastic feature called “USA-CDA Noon Rate at: http://www.bankofcanada.ca/
7.
8. Enter the current date in cell K17 and format as DD-MMM-YY2
9.
10. Create formulas in column K that convert all the Sales and Cost of Goods Sold from CDN to US $.
11. The Gross Margin $ for the week are calculated in columns C and D of the lower section of the spreadsheet, named “Gross Margins in Absolute $”.
Enter formulas in C20 through C23 that subtract the CDN $ Cost of Goods Sold for the week from the CDN $ Sales for the week for each product. In cell C24, use the SUM function to calculate the total Gross Margin $ of all four items in CDN $.
Enter formulas in D20 through D23 that subtract the US $ Cost of Goods Sold for the week from the US $ Sales for the week for each product. In cell D24, use the SUM function to calculate the total Gross Margin $ of all four items in US $.
1. In cells F20 through F24, use the IF function to determine whether or not the CDN $ Margins (for each product and in total) met the Targets (found in K20 to K24). Appropriate values would be Yes or No.
2. In cell H25, use the appropriate function to count how many of the cells in the range F20 to F23 evaluate to a value of Yes.
3. Format all numeric values to Comma Style with zero decimals.
4. Format the first range of cells in each section (C5:K5, C12:K12, C20:D20, and K20) and the Total Margin $ (C24:D24) to Accounting Style with zero decimal places.
5. Format cells C24:D24 with top and double bottom border.
6. Merge and centre the label in cell A1 across all the columns used in this worksheet.
7. Create a chart that will compare and contrast just the US $ Margins (D20:D23) for the four products. Remember the purposes of each type of chart; one in particular is perfect for displaying a single series of data.
Include the Description of each of the four products in the chart, as Data Labels, and then do not include a Legend.
Add a Title to the chart which clearly identifies the data – what do the values represent, and for what period?
Position and size the chart so that it is precisely over cells B27 to F46 in your Sales worksheet.
1. Insert Sparkline Charts in cells L5:L8 representing the weeks CDN Sales (C5:I8). Format with a style of your choice.
2.
3. Save and close your file.
Recommend at least two industry practices to apply within current operations of the selected company that will increase financial performance, optimize market position, and maintain ethical practices
– Growth Strategies
Selected company: Target Corporation
*This assignment is a continuation of the research done last week*
Overview
Every company wants to expand its operations and increase its revenue. A business plan with a five-year strategy to increase revenues is essential for a company to grow. Business plans have many components, and for this assessment, you will develop a business plan focused specifically on accounting and financial practices for growth.
You will develop a business plan for growth focused on accounting and financial practices to expand operations and increase revenue for your selected company. The plan will include a five-year strategy to increase revenues by 10%, and a recommendation for an organizational structure with mandates for effective corporate governance of internal controls, and practices for supporting an ethical environment. You will conduct research to identify industry best practices for strategies to increase financial performance and achieve the optimal position in the market while maintaining ethical financial practices. The plan will also integrate the relevant best practices as appropriate for the selected company.
Instructions
Write an 8–page paper in which you:
1. Analyze a selected company, its operations, and its associated industry and evaluate these areas for development of a business plan for growth to increase revenues by 10% over the next five years with ethical financial practices.
2. Recommend three or more well-defined improvements to corporate governance over the internal controls supported with examples of how the recommendations would impact the company’s financial statements.
o The recommendations could be for improvement of sales, justification of opening different markets, or enhancement of current operations.
3. Recommend two or more improvements in ethical standards from an accounting perspective that are supported with examples of how the recommendations would impact the company’s financial statements.
o The recommendations could be for better financial control, reduction in the loss of product, or increase employee collaboration.
4. Evaluate at least two industry financial best practices to increase financial performance, optimize market position, and maintain ethical practices currently not applied at the selected company to propose a method for the company to integrate the best practices with the least cost possible.
5. Recommend at least two industry practices to apply within current operations of the selected company that will increase financial performance, optimize market position, and maintain ethical practices.
6. Provide at least four reliable, relevant, peer-reviewed references, published within the last five years that support the paper’s claims.
Are the low cases of covid in Africa a result of neo-colonialism and neo-liberism
Suggest review the structure. So start with the models which you have chosen which are neo liberalishm and neo colonialism. Outline these models. Then apply models to health and wellbeing issue that considering ie impact of Covid in Africa. How do the models each help you understand this aspect of health and wellbeing? And in a conclusion come back to a discussion about what models have helped you see/not see. Which model helps you understand issue better/ less well (if there is adifference)?
Case study question: Are the low cases of covid in Africa a result of neo-colonialism and neo-liberism
COVID 19 Burdern of disease and outcome in Africa Restructure the essay to show abit of a flow.
INTRODUCTION
• Discuss why case study approach & Values of a case study in the context of this essay.
• Complete the introduction using the (Rolfe et al 2001) reflective model.
I have already started the Intro for you:
The essay is focused on a single case study that forms the basis of a typical yet critical deviant cases that demonstrate the low outcome of COVID-19 cases in Africa. The rationale for the single case study is to represent the criticality of the case at hand through testing well formulated theories to demonstrate the uniqueness of the spread of covid 19 at its data collection management in most parts of Africa.
Using the (Rolfe et al 2001) reflective model, through learning, the case study commences by introducing the problem helps to extract patterns and routines of understanding Global health and wellbeing that were not meaningful in the past, then accompanies a descriptive level of reflection, followed by the critical abalysis of the two theories namely, neo-liberism and neo-colonialism. The conclusion of the case study discusses the action oriented reflective practices.
This Case study essay argues COVID-19 is a nodal point that has led to irreversible changes in developing countries that its economy was already on its knees in the developing countries. The early conventional wisdom suggested that Africa was was to bear a highe burden of The disease due to its over population, weak healthcare system under socio-economic conditions, lack of poor humanitarian conditions and lack of sanitation infrastructure. However, Sub-sahara has reported lower incidences and fatalities compared to COVID 19 incidences in other countries. The essay will critically discuss and analyse the three different implications for the epidemic burden that are low case detection, 2)differences in epidemiology and Policy intervention.
Define neoliberism and neo-colonialism, relate it to understanding global health and well being in Africa.
Add a paragraph introducing case studies
Case Studies
Case study one focuses on research conducted by Zhang et al. (2021), in which the authors reveal that many confounding factors determine to what extent African nations are impacted by COVID-19. The authors assert that the findings cast doubt on conventional knowledge of pandemic susceptibility (Zhang et al., 2021). Case in point, it debunks a commonly held perception that higher preparedness and resilience levels are synonymous with low susceptibility. Notably, the research shows that ostensibly well-prepared, adaptive nations fared worse during the epidemic is not unique to Africa (Zhang et al., 2021).
The second case study is a discussion by Lawal (2020) that explains why the COVID-19 fatality rate in poor and underdeveloped African nations appears to be so low in comparison to other countries. The only way this aspect would be plausible is if the factors that could influence the COVID-19 fatality rate are examined. In this context, the researchers aimed to establish indicators of COVID-19 fatality rates using an analytic review using data from the pre-pandemic period as well as the most recent COVID-19 fatality statistics available (Lawal, 2020). Based on population data, the researchers determine that the mean average ages and life expectancy rates in many African countries are relatively lower than in regions across the globe. In turn, this aspect has resulted in a population triangle with a mainly young populace in Africa and a predominantly older demographic in Western and other industrialised countries (Lawal, 2020). To achieve this goal, the researchers argue that this difference could well be understood by increased birth rates in underdeveloped and developing African nations and more sophisticated healthcare systems in industrialised economies, which allow their people to survive longer lifespans.
prevailing globalised economic capitalism during COVID-19 pandemic has been termed by (Singh 2020) as brittle due to its dependence on intercontinental financialised exchanges, just-in-time manufacturing, and extensive, carbon-intensive international supply chain networks. In addition, COVI-19 outbreak has demonstrated that local industries are generally highly adaptable to disruptions and can provide efficient and appropriate support in an emergency (Singh, 2020). Economies based on commensalism and cooperation that are entrenched, egalitarian, unstructured, and frequently disorderly have thrived. Case in point, nations like China have donated millions of personal protective equipment to developing countries in Africa and later on in super power state, the United States of America. The
Many other developed nations have been forced to support or promote grassroots programs to supply food to underprivileged citizens (Leach et al., 2021). Alongside India and Russia, China has also developed its vaccines to fight the pandemic (Wouters et al., 2021). Traditionally, such capabilities have been associated with the developed nations in the West and Europe. It seems the tides have changed with the advent of COVID-19. Societies have banded together to close systemic gaps and assist people in need, with advocacy groups occasionally collaborating with enabling state authorities such as public health.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, including its devastating effect on the world economy, appears to have significantly slowed global economic activity. The pandemic that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a worldwide health problem. The fact that ostensibly well-prepared, resilient nations performed worse in the epidemic is not unique to developing regions like Africa, Asia, and South America; it follows a global pattern in which more industrialised nations have been severely affected COVID-19. The epidemic has shifted people’s attention and changed the power structure in the global economy, revealing a new planet with significant financial and health concerns. Accordingly, these challenges have underscored the need for a renewed way of understanding global health and wellbeing.
Restructure the essay to create a flow
Understanding Global Health and Wellbeing
The outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic, including its devastating effect on the world economy, appears to have significantly slowed global economic activity. The pandemic that started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a worldwide health problem (Riou & Althaus, 2020). The fact that ostensibly well-prepared, resilient nations performed worse in the epidemic is not unique to developing regions like Africa, Asia, and South America; it follows a global pattern in which more industrialised nations have been severely affected by Covid-19. The epidemic has shifted people’s attention and changed the power structure in the global economy, revealing a new planet with significant financial and health concerns. Accordingly, these challenges have underscored the need for a renewed way of understanding global health and wellbeing.
The Foundation of Current Health Systems
Global development has no standard definition. Broadly, it is frequently discussed in connection with human development and worldwide initiatives to alleviate inequality and poverty and promote health, education, and employment worldwide (Horner & Hulme, 2019). The idea is that achieving global development would foster sustainability and resilience of populations to different situations. Global development is influenced by globally governed systems such as capitalism and neoliberalism, motivated by profit and private interests. Over the years, these models have faced numerous criticism. Mainly, critics have propagated a narrative about government inefficiencies and their alleged incapacity to offer services in a cost-effective, sensible, and beneficial manner (Horner & Hulme, 2019).
In turn, global financial organisations often urge governments to reconsider and allow private firms to generate wealth, claiming that private enterprise benefits everyone. Government interference was only required when difficulties arose. In turn, this results in an imbalanced interplay between the public and private sectors in which private enterprises profit at the expense of the public good (Morgan, 2020). Capitalism’s slogan is that liberty is often the result of a person’s choice, capability, and sheer determination. Disparities are viewed as an unavoidable component of every culture, and competition is promoted as necessary for growth and development. For this reason, the wealthiest one per cent of the world’s population possesses twice more than the remaining 7 billion individuals in a neoliberal society (Morgan, 2020).
COVID-19 pandemic is irrefutable evidence of what the above systems strategy has achieved for existing public agencies’ capacity to adjust to the problems we encounter present and potential. The detrimental consequences of a drained public sector were initially noticeable primarily to the few who required help the most. Zhang et al. (2021) suggest that they include poorly paid staff who needed to sustain their needs with welfare programs that were continuously being rationalised and lowered; mothers whose capacity to work and generate income was predicated on the availability and cost-effectiveness of childcare facilities, and yet their numbers were consistently dwindling; those who could not pay for private medical insurance and yet saw public health options dwindle. The most affected were underpaid medical personnel who were constantly at risk of contracting the virus while working in decimated hospital settings (Antonijevic et al., 2020). Nowadays, citizens in several nations are arranging communal accolades for health workers, expressing their appreciation for their persistent efforts in helping people deal with the pandemic. Undoubtedly, this is good for their motivation; however, such acts would not be needed if governments had focused on adequately staffing and equipping medical personnel before the pandemic.
Ultimately, it is now apparent to everyone that a weakened public sector cannot adequately respond to the difficulties looming. It leaves to question where all the profits in private entities such as private clinics and pharmaceuticals have gone as they have failed to create crucial and adequate technical and other equipment to help fight the pandemic (Gonsalves & Yamey, 2021). It appears that they have also forgotten their commitments to the common good.
Consistently, there is a link between health sector deterioration and growing debt levels. Nations with significant debt are frequently confronted with terms and conditions imposed by foreign financial organisations, which essentially employ loans as stratagems. Similarly, in developed countries such as Italy, the United States, and Spain, spending cuts are institutionalised and argued to be an ethically fair, balanced, and unavoidable manner for governments to mitigate pandemic impacts (Navarro, 2020). comply with the loan conditions. Privatisation of industries is critical in limiting governments’ ability to intervene, as neoliberalism’s basic tenet is private entities foremost (Mei, 2017). Privatisation also assists in minimising government expenditures to service the loan.
International financial organisations, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank and are instrumental in neoliberalism’s reproduction. From the onset, the potential of predatory capitalism to profit from COVID-19 was highly dependent on the stance held by these establishments. The picture is bleak if recent examples are anything to consider. For example, recently, the IMF declined Venezuela’s application for USD 5 billion to help enhance the nation’s health system’s reaction capabilities in reaction to the outbreak (Laya & Vasquez, 2020). The reason being is that the IMF could not determine Venezuela’s democratically elected leader. The international government’s reluctance to look past ideological disparities and geopolitical competition could be lethal in a nation already on the verge of collapse.
Additionally, government policies and actions may lead to an inevitable economic recession worldwide. Although the government’s actions like social distancing and lockdown to contain the transmission of the virus are necessary, the short-term negative consequence is unavoidable. As well as posing a danger to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the pandemic has also served to exacerbate those goals that have already been set (Mukarram, 2020). The ongoing health crisis has inevitably enforced the psychological, social, and economic spectrum globally.
describe the stages of the risk management process
Risk management is an important process, central to the success of a construction project.
Write a report on the following:
(i) describe the stages of the risk management process and
(ii) what is a risk management plan
Critically discuss types of alternative dispute resolution used in the construction industry
In the construction sector, disputes and conflicts are prevalent in projects. Dispute in construction projects is one of the factors responsible for cost overrun. As a member of the team of consulting engineers, you have been asked to explain the alternative dispute resolution mechanisms used in the construction sector to the client. You are required to do the following: (i) Critically discuss types of alternative dispute resolution used in the construction industry and (ii) Critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Adjudication Mediation and Arbitration
How does trade liberalisation affects India’s balance of trade (imports and exports)
Abstract
The steady growth of India’s economic and technological competence has attracted global attention. Many other developing countries have been in pursuit to achieve success but have failed miserably. This research proposal paper examines the effects of liberalisation on India. Since the early 1990s, India has progressively embraced liberalisation and its spontaneous yet rewarding results. It is often thought and believed that liberation scores higher results in social, economic, environmental, and political factors. It is a beneficial process for developing countries aspiring to attain economic stability and expand the market. Liberalisation allows a country to invest beyond international barriers with the unrestricted flow of revenue. Liberalisation of trade reforms attracts foreign investors which would strengthen government bureaucracy and trading policies. However, there are little known facts about the quirks and perks of liberalisation. This paper analyses the effects of liberalisation since its inception. It intends to assess and highlight how liberation has affected the lives of Indian citizens. Liberalisation is a distinctive feature that has placed India on the global map of economic and technological growth.
“Investigating the Socioeconomic Effects of Trade Liberalisation on India”
Introduction
Being one of the most densely populated countries in the world, India has always had economic challenges since the late twentieth century being a closed economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s opened various opportunities for people to invest and trade with other countries. The results of the reforms cut across the political, social, and economic aspects. According to Alessandrini et al. (2009, p.8), import and export restrictions imposed a strict limitation of tradeable goods weighing an average of 80 percent to 90 percent import-weighed tariffs. Soon after the liberalisation, the Indian government undergone reforms that would significantly impact India’s economy. Its gradual economic progress attracts the attention of researchers to analyse aspects that have enable India to stand out and be successful in trade reforms. The liberalisation in India improves some of the citizens’ lives, whereas some slowly languish in poverty and face discrimination. The reform mainly focuses on the manufacturing sector alongside policies on exports and imports of goods that significantly have impact on the economy of the country. The manufacturing sector after liberalisation performed impeccably well, encouraging more trade reforms. India has enjoyed unprecedented economic growth; however, the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. Liberalisation may be a costly investment that prompts economic growth and reduces poverty. This study will investigate the effects of trade liberalisation on India.
Aims and Objectives
The world has recently witnessed a rapid expansion of the global economy. The rapid growth of the world economy is largely attributed to the steady rise in international trade supported by trade liberalisation, globalisation, and emerging digital technologies (Siddiqui, 2016, p.424). The creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 marked the beginning of significant trade liberalisation on the global stage. Countries increasingly engaged in multilateral, unilateral, and regional trade liberalisation agreements saw concerted efforts to reduce trade barriers (Dix-Carneiro and Kovak, 2017, p. 2909). Developing countries and emerging economies, such as India, have increasingly opened up their economies to international trade to take advantage of the socio-economic benefits of trade liberalisation (Hye & Lau, 2015, p. 189). Although experts agree that trade liberalisation results in a significant expansion of a country’s GDP, controversy exists on its impacts on the balance of trade, wage rates, poverty, and inequality (Siddiqui, 2016, p.426). Trade liberalisation has positive effects on India’s balance of trade, wage rates, poverty alleviation, and bridging the inequality gap.
The research study aims at investigating the socio-economic effects of trade liberalisation on India.
Research Questions:
• How does trade liberalisation affects India’s balance of trade (imports and exports)?
• What are the effects of trade liberalisation on India’s wage rates?
• Does trade liberalisation significantly affect poverty levels in India?
• Does trade liberalisation bridge or widen the socio-economic inequality gap in India?
Literature Review
Imports and Exports Tariffs
The government imposed a tax on import and export of goods and services provides a great source of revenue and protecting the local industry. India is known to have a robustly growing economy since the early 1980s growing at an average rate of 6 percent annually (Alessandrini et al., 2009, p.9). Before 1991, trade tariffs were slightly high and the currency crisis instigated the need for unilateral trade liberalisation (Pavcnik, Edmonds and Topalova, 2007, p.4.). The IMF adjusted the trading programs, which substantially reduced the import and export tariffs in various sectors. The liberalisation of trade reforms ran for five years, and between 1992 and 1997, the results were felt in various sectors. It caused an increase in imports and an increased GDP from 10 percent in the late 80s to 19% in the 1990s (Pavcnik, Edmonds and Topalova, 2007, p.11). India grew from the most restrictive Asian country with high trading tariffs and a complex licensing system. Import privileges were extended to neighbouring free trade zone. Manufacturers and producers within the zones can trade without a license or importation duties (Rahman, 2004, p.37). Initially, the country would restrict specific exports or imports. Any manufacturing company that depended on imports rather than domestic producers was phased out (Topalova, 2005, p.7). Easing restrictions on import and exportation of goods drastically reduced trading tariffs. Topalova (2005, p.9) asserts that the import and export volume increased soon after liberalisation. More skilled labourers were tricked into the country as imports, and fewer Indian citizens exported their skills. While trade reforms occurred, it opened opportunities for India to join in international trade. There was a need to balance the import and export prices and demands (Panda, M. and Ganesh-Kumar, 2009, p.12).
Wage Rate Inequality
Khan and Bashir extensively discussed the available empirical evidence in the labour market (2011, p.2). Trade reforms have significant negative impacts on wages as they open domestic trade and join an international trading platform. Inequality in employment and income has increased since liberalisation reforms came to play (Joseph, 2013, p.14). Some trading reforms may intensify inequality, which would eventually affect the trade (Khan and Bashir, 2011, p.5). There is a link between prices reduction in importing products and increase in exportation. A developing economy further intensifies the gap between skilled and unskilled personnel. An increase in wage inequality contributes to domestic trades shrinking and falling out of business that requires imports. Rahman (2004, p.58) observed a steady rise in income inequality in Bangladesh. It indicates that trade liberalisation causes a rise in levels of inequality. The research further highlights the income inequality affecting rural, urban and an intensified inequality gap within income groups (Rahman, 2004, p.59). Pakistan experienced an increase in income shares of at least 20% before liberalisation. During liberalisation, the country experienced a spike in inequality and poverty (Krishna, Mitra, and Sundaram, 2010, p.29). Income and wealth inequality is more pronounced when there is an increase in insecurity, low investment, social instability, and high transaction costs (Joseph, 2013, p.7). The outcomes of trade reforms on geographical location differ. Geographical location is a factor that contributes to inequalities in general. Lack of geographical mobility such as relocation, migration increases chances of poverty and inequality (Hasan, Ranjan and Ahsan, 2012, p.7).
Poverty
Employment could be viewed as a means to end poverty and inequality. Initiating trade liberalisation reforms have a purpose to eradicate poverty. In most developing countries, trade liberalisation policies are the priority strategy used to eradicate poverty. There are many factors attached to poverty, including illiteracy and unemployment. In many rural areas, children would work in companies and industries that would expose them to change. The literacy levels in these areas slowly diminish (Edmonds, Pavcnik, and Topalova, 2010, p.4). Exposing a population to trade liberalisation slows down poverty eradication efforts. Low basic education attainment limits the poor from learning and participating in activities that would reduce poverty (Kalirajan and Singh, 2010, p.6). The majority of India’s population resides in rural areas, and agriculture is the main source of income. A larger percentage of people living in rural areas are registered below the poverty line (Marji and Kar, 2007, p. 15). Trade liberalisation could either reduce poverty or worsen the situation. Historically, India has been ranked high at the top on the global charts in a steadily growing GDP, but it has failed to eradicate poverty, unemployment, and inequality (Khan and Bashir, 2011, p.1). In an attempt to curb poverty, Indian government introduced household welfare. The programs affect every house differently depending on consumption, prices, and disposable income (Pradhan and Amarendra, 2006, p.18, Cain, Hasan and Mitra, 2012, p.7). A decrease in disposable income would require the government to transfer funds to the households. The government strategy eases a huge percentage of poverty in rural and urban areas (Pradhan and Amarendra, 2006, p.18). Research by Banga, Das, and Lessons (2012, p.12) states that increased capital income caused a decline in the poverty ratio from 45 percent to 32 percent. Some poor states in India saw a doubled growth in poverty. An increase in capital income and a rising consumption per capita is one of the driving forces behind India’s growing economy (Banga and Das and Lessons, 2012, p.12).
Research Methodology
The study will apply a secondary research method involving an online research of peer-reviewed articles relevant to the aim of the research. The online search will be undertaken on reputable academic journal databases and reliable institutional databases, such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and OECD. Inclusion criteria for the articles include relevance to the research questions, recent publication, and specificity to India. The literature review will involve a systematic review of the identified and selected peer-reviewed and other scholarly articles to collect and evaluate a wide range of descriptive quantitative data to facilitate evidence-based support for answers to the research questions. The research findings analysis will involve a critical and statistical analysis of descriptive quantitative data to support well-informed inferences and conclusions on the socio-economic impacts of trade liberalisation on India.
Result Analysis
International trade-promoting organizations such as the IMF, World Bank, World Trade Organization, and OECD provide a source of descriptive quantitative data on the socio-economic impacts of trade liberalisation in member countries. Recent IMF and World Bank data on India indicates that the country’s GDP has risen steadily with an increasing level of trade liberalisation through multilateral, unilateral, and regional cooperation (Hye & Lau, 2015, p. 190). The international trade institutions also provide reliable descriptive quantitative data of the balance-of-trade, poverty, wage rates, and inequality indexes for individual countries over time. The research will apply descriptive and inferential statistical analysis to determine the cause-effect relationship and variability between the collected data on rising trade liberalisation in India and changes in balance-of-trade, poverty, wage rates, and inequalities (Goertzen, 2017, p.13). Some of the applicable descriptive data analysis methods include measures and summaries of central tendencies and variabilities. The inferential statistical methods will help determine association and correlation (Sheard, 2018, p.431).
Trade liberalisation is associated with deficits in balance-of-trade that disadvantage emerging and developing countries, like India, with fewer industrial exports than developed countries (Siddiqui, 2017, p.33). The rise in India’s GDP attributable to trade liberalisation benefits a few direct participants, and poor redistribution of the gains widens the inequality gap. Trade liberalisation is associated with insignificant poverty alleviation due to the skewed distribution of the gains in favour of the direct participants (Mahesh, 2016, p.1752). However, trade liberalisation results in improved living standards due to the availability of a variety of products sold at competitively lower prices in the global market. The easier cross-border movement of the labour force, and enhanced human capital development due to increased technical exchanges with trade liberalisation results in a steady increase in wages (Hye & Lau, 2015, p. 191).
Conclusion
Recent research indicates mixed reactions regarding the socio-economic impacts of trade liberalization on India. Trade liberalisation has positive implications on India’s trade balance, wage rates, poverty alleviation, and bridging the inequality gap. Trade liberalisation in India is associated with rising GDP, wage rates, and an increasing inequality gap. The consistent growth of sectors such as finance and banking is credited to liberalisation reforms. It has promoted open trade by reducing tariffs and eliminating export and import restrictions. The most outstanding element of India’s liberalisation is slow yet a steady progress. The economic success compels developing countries to join the multilateral, unilateral, and regional trade liberalisation agreements aiming to reduce trade barriers. Liberalisation reforms have resulted in various improvements in local and international trade. Manufacturers and producers within the zones can trade without a license or importation duties possible through trading tariff reforms. Inequality is a never-ending debate that liberalisation reforms struggle to tackle. Trade liberalisation causes a rise in levels of inequality due to the importation of skilled workers and goods. The rapidly growing economy further intensifies the gap between skilled and unskilled personnel. An increase in wage inequality contributes to domestic trades shrinking and falling out of the business market. Low income and illiteracy intensify poverty. In some of India’s rural areas, children would work in companies and industries instead of going to school.
What is Acetylcholine and how does it produce contraction of the smooth muscle
Data analysis and interpretation (up to 1700 words): (40%)
Using the Virtual Organ Bath 2.8 software, you’ll study the effects of two different agonists (for example: acetylcholine & pilocarpine or carbachol) on the contraction of smooth muscle from guinea pig small intestine.
The effect of both drugs should be evaluated without and in the presence of one antagonist.
Set a list of concentrations for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine. With the help of dilution formula in the virtual organ bath software, work out the volumes required from the appropriate stock solutions.
Progressively increasing doses of the agonist should be added to the bath (use a range between 1×10-10 – 1×10-6 M) and contraction of the tissue (in gms) will be measured and recorded.
Afterwards, the appropriate antagonist (concentration in the reservoir 5×10-8 M) should be added, and the experiment is repeated using higher concentrations of the agonists (up to 1×10-4 M)
These tables are just an example of how you could record your data:
Dose used (without antagonist) Contraction Response in gms
(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine
Dose used (with antagonist 5×10-8 M) Contraction Response in gms
(unit) Acetylcholine Pilocarpine
Your submitted work should include the following:
• A brief description of the design of the experiment and how the data was collected.
• Your data recorded in tables with concentration of both agonists and the
corresponding antagonist.
• Answer the following questions:
1. Discuss
• What is Acetylcholine and how does it produce contraction of the smooth muscle (dynamics:
receptors, type and drug-receptor interaction)?
• What is pilocarpine (or carbachol if it was chosen in the experiment) ? what is its mechanism of action? discuss briefly its therapeutic applications
• Identify two drugs that can be used for their effect on smooth muscles within the body (urinary tract, blood vessels, or respiratory system) and briefly discuss the following:
– the mechanism of action
– drug-drug interaction
– therapeutic application
2. Using Excel, or Graphpad Prism:
• Convert the contraction values into %response and the dose into log10 for each drug
• Plot the following graphs :
o the %response vs. log10 dose for acetylcholine (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)
o the %response vs. log10 dose for pilocarpine or carbachol (with and without the antagonist, 2 curves in the same graph)
• Describe both graphs:
o Compare the 2 dose-response curves (without antagonists): which agonist is the most potent? And which one is the most effective? provide evidence from your data.
o Provide an approximate value of ED50 for both acetylcholine and pilocarpine or carbachol.
o Analyse the effect of the antagonists on the dose-response curves for both drugs. How would you describe the mechanism of action of the antagonist on the muscarinic receptors?
provide a detailed programme in the form of a Gantt chart and supporting methodology that demonstrates how the IST will manage the programme, considering all stages of the contract and sequencing of the works
PROGRAMME DELIVERY AND MANAGEMENT
Please provide a detailed programme in the form of a Gantt chart and supporting methodology that demonstrates how the IST will manage the programme, considering all stages of the contract and sequencing of the works.
The Gantt chart should clearly indicate key tasks during the pre-construction, construction and post-handover stages including critical path, float, time risk allowance, dependent tasks and key milestones.
Please provide details of your methodology for programme management to ensure successful delivery of the works considering the Employer’s programme requirements and constraints particular to this project as outlined in the Works Information.
Your response should include project specific details to demonstrate the following:
• Your ability to plan and deliver the services and works by the Completion Date
• How you will manage and monitor the programme during the pre-construction stage of the project
• How you will manage and monitor the programme during the construction stage and comply with NEC4 requirements for programme management
• How you will implement measures to be taken if the programme is not being achieved during the Pre-Construction and Construction stages
• Identify areas where the programme could be improved to arrive at an earlier completion date.
Indicators
Excellent response providing a detailed programme in the form of a Gantt chart and supporting methodology that demonstrates how the IST will manage the programme, considering all stages of the contract and sequencing of the works.
The Gantt chart provides an excellent indication of key tasks during the pre-construction, construction and post-handover stages including critical path, float, time risk allowance, dependent tasks, and key milestones.
Fully supported by details of your methodology for programme management to ensure successful delivery of the works considering the Employer’s programme requirements and constraints particular to this project as outlined in the Works Information.
Include a Gantt Chart (Max A1 size)
Answer the question that require reference to legislation shall specifically refer to UK legislation or codes of practice.
The Employer reserves the right to require evidence or additional evidence in relation to any answers given to questions in this submission.
The Tenderer must, without undue delay, inform the Employer of any changes to the information provided in response to any questions in this questionnaire that may arise at any time during the Tenderers participation in this tender process.
The question must be answered in English and have a font size no smaller than equivalent to 12pt Arial and submitted in Microsoft word 2003 Format. If there is a need to compress files please use WinZip.
The question must be answered in clear English. Abbreviations will only be accepted where the abbreviation is commonly used in English and/or within the construction industry. Abbreviations must in the first instance be fully spelt out followed, in brackets, with the standard abbreviation [e.g. Integrated Supply Team (IST)]. Words must be clearly separated by a space and have a font size no smaller than equivalent to 12 pt Arial. Answers failing to meet this standard may result in the submission being rejected.
No general marketing or promotional material from the Tenderer or any Subcontractor either in answer to any of the questions or for any other reason, should be included.
Where supporting information is specifically requested it should be clearly marked with the number of the question in the submission to which it relates.
Tenderers must ensure that their response to each question is relevant and focused on addressing the question asked. Each question will be evaluated only on the information provided in the response text box(s) provided for that particular question and any specifically requested and referenced appendices. No marks will be awarded for a particular question for information given elsewhere in the submission.
The responses submitted by the Tenderer shall, if they are successful in being awarded a Contract, be carried forward into the operation of the Contract. Tenderers must therefore ensure that the fees submitted reflect the commitments given in this Quality Submission.
